Crecimiento sin desarrollo: la minería del distrito de Berja en la etapa de apogeo (1820-1850)

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Determinants of public spending at the subnational level: a comparison of polish and spanish local governments

JEL Classification: D72, H72This study provides a unique comparison between Polish and Spanish local governments with respect to the impact of various political factors on the size and composition of public expenditure. In particular, it aims at verifying the existence of political business cycles as well as partisan effects in the analyzed states at the subnational level. Additionally, the role of fiscal autonomy in shaping the spending decisions and its effect on the magnitude of opportunistic behavior of mayors are also investigated. For the purpose of an empirical research, panel data analysis is applied and a set of equations is estimated separately for each of the countries. Apart from examining total expenses, the level of expenditure on public goods perceived as potentially highly visible to the voters is also considered. The results confirm the hypothesis of an increased spending, both in the aggregate terms and in particular categories, during the pre-election periods. Also, in Poland and Spain higher degree of fiscal authority granted to lower tiers of public administration corresponds to a decrease in the size of public sector. Finally, an evidence of an intensified opportunistic behavior of politicians in the light of greater fiscal autonomy is found.Este estudo apresenta uma comparação única entre os governos locais de Espanha e Polónia no que diz respeito ao impacto dos vários fatores políticos na dimensão e composição da despesa pública. Em particular, o estudo centra-se em verificar a existência de ciclos políticos bem como de efeitos partidários nos países sobre análise, a um nível local. Adicionalmente, o papel da autonomia fiscal enquanto elemento influente nas decisões sobre gastos públicos e no grau de oportunismos dos decisores políticos são também investigados. Para o propósito da analise empírica, é utilizado dados de painel e o grupo de equações é estimado de forma separada para cada um dos países. Para além de analisar a despesa total, o nível de despesa em bens públicos percebido como potencialmente elevado pelos votantes é também considerado. Os resultados confirmam a hipótese de um nível crescente de despesa publica, tanto em termos agregados como em categorias particulares, durante os períodos pré-eleitorais. Também, em Espanha e na Polónia um grau elevado de autonomia fiscal garantida para os nível baixos da administração pública corresponde a um decréscimo do tamanho do sector público. Finalmente, são encontradas evidencias de intensificação do comportamento oportunista de políticos em ambientes de maior autonomia fiscal

Identification of potential marker genes for <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> strains with high antagonistic potential against <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> by a rapid subtraction hybridization approach

A rapid subtraction hybridization approach was used to isolate genes differentially expressed during mycelial contact between Trichoderma harzianum (Hypocrea lixii) and Rhizoctonia solani, and could serve as marker genes for selection of superior biocontrol strains. Putatively positive clones were evaluated by transcription analysis during mycelial contact with R. solani versus growth on glucose, and for their differential transcription between two strains with either strong or poor biocontrol capability before, at, and after contact with R. solani. Besides four clones, which had similarity to putative but as yet uncharacterized proteins, they comprised ribosomal proteins, proteins involved in transcriptional switch and regulation, amino acid and energy catabolism, multidrug resistance, and degradation of proteins and glucans. Transcription of three clones was evaluated in five T. harzianum strains under confrontation conditions with R. solani. Two clones&#8212;acetyl-xylane esterase AXE1 and endoglucanase Cel61b&#8212;showed significant upregulation during in vivo confrontation of a T. harzianum strain that successively demonstrated a very high antagonistic capability towards R. solani, while expression was progressively lower in a series of T. harzianum strains with intermediate to poor antagonistic activity. These clones are promising candidates for use as markers in the screening of improved T. harzianum biocontrol strains

Institutional Philanthropy: A Focus On Disability

In the context of the 10th anniversary of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), the European Foundation Centre undertook a survey of its members and other institutional philanthropy actors who are funding, supporting, advocating, and partnering to advance the situation of people with disabilities in Europe and beyond, including those with disabilities related to ageing.This publication summarises the survey results which provide an up-to-date picture of EFC members and other funders active in the field of disability, whether it is part of their core mission or just one of their fields of action, and an insight to better understand their practices. The survey results are based on input from 34 philanthropic organisations. Data supplied refers to the year 2015 unless otherwise specified.The report comprises two parts:Part 1: A profile of this sample of disability funders, addressing in particular who they are, their main area(s) of focus, who they support, how they work, and if they cooperate and why.Part 2: A snapshot of 24 initiatives and projects supported by these organisations to illustrate some of their disability-related work, outlining their approach and achievements, as well as some challenges and learnings.This publication was produced with the support of the EFC's Disability Thematic Network (DTN). Network members include: King Baudouin Foundation, Essl Foundation, Fundacion Once, Fondazione Bianca del Monte di Lucca, Genio, Karuna Foundation, Light for the world, and Sabanci Vakfi

La electrificación de la periferia : Un tema recuperado recientemente por la historiografía

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Fuentes belgas sobre la electrificación de los tranvías españoles. El «Recueil Financier» de Bruselas

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Local life and municipal services in Spain at the beginning of the 20th century

The interpretation that still prevails of the political and economic history of Spain at the beginning of the century, emphasizes the basically rural and backward character of a society that grew and was modernized very slowly. Even as late as 1932-1936, during the Second Republic in Spain, political backwardness, industrial underdevelopment and engrained agrarian conflict are common factors stressed by many authors and, in contrast, there was a lack of a solid alternative politically and economically rooted in their as yet minority urban middle classes. And «perhaps the sole outstanding fact in 1898 was the extent and unanimity of the malaise in the middle class» [PAN-MONTOJO, 1998, p.262]. Recently these ideas are being revised in search of «more subtle interpretations of the political reality which is more prosaic, but not for that reason less complex». Political historians such as Forner and García argued that political fraud, corruption and backwardness cannot explain completely and convincingly early 20th century Spain. On the contrary, they suggest that the implic it critical factor in the so-called «vieja política» (old politics) was a more general lack of civic maturity, that might have filled the established rules of the political game with democratic content [FORNER & GARCÍA, 1992, pp. 41 y ss.]; but in fact Spanish society only gradually began to fill this gap. They also add that, in such a process of growing maturity, cities played, as should be expected, a fundamental role

Environmental Funding by European Foundations: Volume 5

This report is the most comprehensive study to date into support for environmental initiatives provided by European philanthropic foundations. It builds on the four earlier editions, increasing the number of foundations and grants being analysed, along with the total value of these grants.This 5th edition features a detailed analysis of the environmental grants of 127 European public-benefit foundations, who provided 5358 grants in 2018, worth a combined total of 745.6 million. These 127 foundations include many of Europe's largest providers of philanthropic grants for environmental initiatives

Disrupted PI3K p110δ Signaling Dysregulates Maternal Immune Cells and Increases Fetal Mortality In Mice.

Maternal immune cells are an integral part of reproduction, but how they might cause pregnancy complications remains elusive. Macrophages and their dual function in inflammation and tissue repair are thought to play key yet undefined roles. Altered perinatal growth underpins adult morbidity, and natural killer (NK) cells may sustain fetal growth by establishing the placental blood supply. Using a mouse model of genetic inactivation of PI3K p110δ, a key intracellular signaling molecule in leukocytes, we show that p110δ regulates macrophage dynamics and NK-cell-mediated arterial remodeling. The uterus of dams with inactive p110δ had decreased IFN-γ and MHC class II(low) macrophages but enhanced IL-6. Poor vascular remodeling and a pro-inflammatory uterine milieu resulted in fetal death or growth retardation. Our results provide one mechanism that explains how imbalanced adaptations of maternal innate immune cells to gestation affect offspring well-being with consequence perinatally and possibly into adulthood.We would like to thank Klaus Okkenhaug for the provision of the δᴰ⁹¹⁰ᴬ strain, Anne-Katrien Stark for making breeding records available, all members of the Colucci lab for helpful discussions and the staff of the NIHR Cambridge BRC Cell Phenotyping Hub for their support. This work was supported by the Cambridge NIHR BRC Cell Phenotyping Hub and by grants from The Wellcome Trust [094073/Z/10/Z] and the Centre for Trophoblast Research.This is the final version of the article. It was first available from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.05