Structural Properties of Formal Polynomial Algebras in Noncommuting or Nonassociating Indeterminates

In order to enlarge the class of equations provided by traditional polynomials over a binary algebra A to a more useful class of equations, we introduce polynomials in noncommuting or nonassociating indeterminates. We discuss algebraic properties of these formal polynomial algebras and their accompanying polynomial function algebras. We present certain basis results for polynomial algebras, which are used to address the question of zero divisors in a polynomial algebra. We give an analog of the remainder theorem and the factor theorem for polynomials. Particular emphasis is placed on showing the difference between polynomials and polynomial functions. We also provide a brief discussion of polynomial composition and formal derivatives

Fracture strength and Young's modulus of ZnO nanowires

The fracture strength of ZnO nanowires vertically grown on sapphire substrates was measured in tensile and bending experiments. Nanowires with diameters between 60 and 310 nm and a typical length of 2 um were manipulated with an atomic force microscopy tip mounted on a nanomanipulator inside a scanning electron microscope. The fracture strain of (7.7 +- 0.8)% measured in the bending test was found close to the theoretical limit of 10% and revealed a strength about twice as high as in the tensile test. From the tensile experiments the Young's modulus could be measured to be within 30% of that of bulk ZnO, contrary to the lower values found in literature.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl

Nanoscale Analysis by EFTEM and FIB-Tomography for Optimization of Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon, USA, August 1 - August 5, 201

1 cm2 CH3NH3PbI3 mesoporous solar cells with 17.8% steady-state efficiency by tailoring front FTO electrodes

In this article, we investigate the effects of atmospheric-pressure chemical vapour deposited fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) thin films as front electrodes for the fabrication of mesoporous perovskite solar cells with an active area of 1 cm2 and compare them with the use of a commonly used commercial transparent conducting oxide. The effects of sheet resistance (Rs) and surface roughness are both closely linked to the film thickness. In order to separate out these effects the characteristics of the deposited FTOs were carefully controlled by changing the fluorine doping levels and the number of passes under the coating head to give films of specific thicknesses or Rs. Under AM 1.5 Sun illumination and maximum power point tracking, the optimised FTOs yielded a steady-state power conversion efficiency of 17.8%, higher than that of the reference cell fabricated from the commercial FTO. We attribute the improved cell efficiency to increased fill factor and a lower series resistance resulting from the lower Rs and increased thickness of these FTO substrates. This low-cost and viable methodology is the first such type of study looking independently at the significance of FTO roughness and resistance for highly efficient mesoporous perovskite solar cells

Laser applications in thin-film photovoltaics

We review laser applications in thin-film photovoltaics (thin-film Si, CdTe, and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells). Lasers are applied in this growing field to manufacture modules, to monitor Si deposition processes, and to characterize opto-electrical properties of thin films. Unlike traditional panels based on crystalline silicon wafers, the individual cells of a thin-film photovoltaic module can be serially interconnected by laser scribing during fabrication. Laser scribing applications are described in detail, while other laser-based fabrication processes, such as laser-induced crystallization and pulsed laser deposition, are briefly reviewed. Lasers are also integrated into various diagnostic tools to analyze the composition of chemical vapors during deposition of Si thin films. Silane (SiH4), silane radicals (SiH3, SiH2, SiH, Si), and Si nanoparticles have all been monitored inside chemical vapor deposition systems. Finally, we review various thin-film characterization methods, in which lasers are implemente

High-efficiency Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells: A Review

Silicon heterojunction solar cells consist of thin amorphous silicon layers deposited on crystalline silicon wafers. This design enables energy conversion efficiencies above 20% at the industrial production level. The key feature of this technology is that the metal contacts, which are highly recombination active in traditional, diffused-junction cells, are electronically separated from the absorber by insertion of a wider bandgap layer. This enables the record open-circuit voltages typically associated with heterojunction devices without the need for expensive patterning techniques. This article reviews the salient points of this technology. First, we briefly elucidate device characteristics. This is followed by a discussion of each processing step, device operation, and device stability and industrial upscaling, including the fabrication of solar cells with energy-conversion efficiencies over 21%. Finally, future trends are pointed ou

Design of perovskite/crystalline-silicon monolithic tandem solar cells

We present an optical model implemented in the commercial software SETFOS 4.6 for simulating perovskite/silicon monolithic tandem solar cells that exploit light scattering structures. In a first step we validate the model with experimental data of tandem solar cells that either use front- or rear-side textures and extract the internal quantum efficiency of the methyl-ammonium lead iodide (MALI) perovskite sub-cell. In a next step, the software is used to investigate the potential of different device architectures featuring a monolithic integration between the perovskite and silicon sub-cells and exploiting rear- as well as front-side textures for improved light harvesting. We find that, considering the available contact materials, the p-i-n solar cell architecture is the most promising with respect to achievable photocurrent for both flat and textured wafers. Finally, cesium-formamidinium-based perovskite materials with several bandgaps were synthetized, optically characterized and their potential in a tandem device was quantified by simulations. For the simulated layer stack and among the tested materials with bandgaps of 1.7 and 1.6 eV, the one with 1.6 eV bandgap was found to be the most promising, with a potential of reaching a power conversion efficiency of 31%. In order to achieve higher efficiencies using higher band-gap materials, parasitic absorptance in the blue spectral range should be further reduced

Demonstrating the high Voc potential of PEDOT:PSS/c-Si heterojunctions on solar cells

In this study, we demonstrate the high surface passivation quality of PEDOT:PSS/c-Si junctions for the first time on solar cell level, reaching a record high Voc value of 688 mV after full-area metallization of the PEDOT:PSS. We achieve this by combining the PEDOT:PSS hole-selective layer at the rear of the crystalline silicon wafer with a well-passivating electron-selective a-Si:H(i/n) layer stack at the front. Our results clearly prove the excellent hole selectivity of PEDOT:PSS on crystalline silicon. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd