Aerobic Exercise Impacts the Tumor Microenvironment by Altering CAF Abundance and CAF-Activating Cytokines in Pancreatic Cancer

https://openworks.mdanderson.org/sumexp23/1086/thumbnail.jp

Molecular Adaptations of Mouse Lung Endothelial Cells Exposed to Different Durations of Laminar Shear Stress and Disturbed Flow

https://openworks.mdanderson.org/sumexp21/1165/thumbnail.jp

Aerobic exercise impacts the tumor microenvironment by altering CAF abundance and composition in pancreatic cancer

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Moderate Exercise Improves Experimental Cancer Cachexia by Modulating the Redox Homeostasis

Cachexia is a debilitating syndrome that complicates the management of cancer patients. Muscle wasting, one of the main features of cachexia, is associated with hyper-activation of protein degradative pathways and altered mitochondrial function that could both result from impaired redox homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of oxidative stress to cancer-induced cachexia in the presence or in the absence of moderate exercise training. Mice bearing the colon C26 carcinoma, either sedentary or exercised, were used. The former showed muscle wasting and redox imbalance, with the activation of an antioxidant response and with upregulation of markers of proteasome-dependent protein degradation and autophagy. Moderate exercise was able to relieve muscle wasting and prevented the loss of muscle strength; such a pattern was associated with reduced levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), carbonylated proteins and markers of autophagy and with improved antioxidant capacity. The muscle of sedentary tumor hosts also showed increased levels of molecular markers of mitophagy and reduced mitochondrial mass. Conversely, exercise in the C26 hosts led to increased mitochondrial mass. In conclusion, moderate exercise could be an effective non-pharmacological approach to prevent muscle wasting in cancer patients, decreasing muscle protein catabolism and oxidative stress and preserving mitochondria

The Skeletal Muscle as an Active Player Against Cancer Cachexia

The management of cancer patients is frequently complicated by the occurrence of cachexia. This is a complex syndrome that markedly impacts on quality of life as well as on tolerance and response to anticancer treatments. Loss of body weight, wasting of both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and reduced survival rates are among the main features of cachexia. Skeletal muscle wasting has been shown to depend, mainly at least, on the induction of protein degradation rates above physiological levels. Such hypercatabolic pattern is driven by overactivation of different intracellular proteolytic systems, among which those dependent on ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy. Selective rather than bulk degradation of altered proteins and organelles was also proposed to occur. Within the picture described above, the muscle is frequently considered a sort of by-stander tissue where external stimuli, directly or indirectly, can poise protein metabolism toward a catabolic setting. By contrast, several observations suggest that the muscle reacts to the wasting drive imposed by cancer growth by activating different compensatory strategies that include anabolic capacity, the activation of autophagy and myogenesis. Even if muscle response is eventually ill-fated, its occurrence supports the idea that in the presence of appropriate treatments the development of cancer-induced wasting might not be an ineluctable event in tumor hosts

Lihaskudoksen NAD+-puutos ja Serpina3n molekyylibiologisina tekijöinä hiirten syöpäkakeksiassa – myostatiinin ja aktiviinien estäjien vaikutus

Syöpäkakeksia on patofysiologialtaan vielä suurelta osin tuntematon, monitekijäinen aineenvaihdunnallinen sairaus, jossa paino ja lihaskudoksen määrä laskevat. Kakeksia vaikuttaa suuren osaan syöpäpotilaista lisäten heidän kuolleisuuttaan ja heikentäen elämänlaatua. Eläinmalleilla lihaskadon estäminen kokeellisella hoidolla, aktiviinireseptorin salpauksella, on parantanut selviytymistä ja vähentänyt lihasmassan katoa, vaikka syöpä itsessään ei ole parantunut. Tutkimuksemme tavoitteena oli selvittää tämän hoidon vaikutusmekanismi, sillä se on tällä hetkellä vielä epäselvää. Tutkimuksessa hiirille injektoitiin suolistosyöpäsoluja (C26) selän rasvakudokseen, mikä aiheuttaa pahanlaatuisen kasvaimen muodostumisen ja nopean lihaskadon. Hiirille annettiin kokeellista hoitoa yhdisteellä, joka estää lihasmassan kasvua rajoittavien proteiinien, aktiviinien ja myostatiinien, kiinnittymistä niiden solureseptoreihin. Havaitsimme laajoissa proteiinianalyyseissa akuutin faasin reaktion, erityisesti Serpina3n-proteiinin, lisääntymisen ja lihaksen mitokondrioiden energiaa tuottavan oksidatiivisen fosforylaation (OXPHOS) komponenttien määrän vähentyneen syöpäryhmässä. Niinpä analysoimme tarkemmin mitokondrioiden aktiivisuutta histokemiallisesti in situ ja määritimme mitokondrioiden energiantuotantoreaktioissa toimivan elintärkeän kofaktorin, nikotiiniamidiadeniinidinukleotidin (NAD+), pitoisuuksia lihaskudoksessa. Mitokondrioaktiivisuus in situ oli osittain heikentynyt syöpäryhmässä, jossa myös NAD+:n ja sen metaboliitin NADH:n määrät vähentyivät. Lisäksi havaitsimme voimakkaan laskun NAD+-biosynteesiin osallistuvan geenin, Nrk2:den ilmaantumisessa. Proteiineista Serpina3n määrä korreloi selkeimmin painonlaskuun, mutta se paljastui ennemmin hoitamattoman kakeksian kuin yleisen lihasmassan biomarkkeriksi. Serpina3n-määrä yhdistyi myös Nrk2:den ilmentymiseen, joka viittaisi yhteyteen lihaksen Nrk2-ekspressiossa ja tulehduksen säätelyssä akuutin faasin reaktion kautta. Aktiviinireseptorin salpauksella pystyimme korjaamaan NAD+-aineenvaihdunnan häiriötä ja lieventämään OXPHOS-muutoksia. Osoitimme tässä tutkimuksessa ensimmäistä kertaa, että syöpäkakeksian taustalla on NAD+-aineenvaihdunnan häiriö ja että aktiviinireseptorien salpauksella voidaan lihaskadon estämisen lisäksi parantaa NAD+-tasoja. Vielä ei tiedetä, vaikuttaako tämä kokeellinen hoito suoraan vai välillisesti NAD+-aineenvaihduntaan. Tulevaisuudessa olisi lisäksi tärkeä tutkia Nrk2:den roolia syöpäkakeksiassa ja selvittää, voidaanko NAD+-esiasteita käyttää syöpäkakeksian hoitona

Muscle NAD+ depletion and Serpina3n as molecular determinants of murine cancer cachexia – the effects of blocking myostatin and activins

Objective Cancer cachexia and muscle loss are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In preclinical animal models, blocking activin receptor (ACVR) ligands has improved survival and prevented muscle wasting in cancer cachexia without an effect on tumour growth. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study aimed to identify cancer cachexia and soluble ACVR (sACVR) administration-evoked changes in muscle proteome. Methods Healthy and C26 tumour-bearing (TB) mice were treated with recombinant sACVR. The sACVR or PBS control were administered either prior to the tumour formation or by continued administration before and after tumour formation. Muscles were analysed by quantitative proteomics with further examination of mitochondria and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism. To complement the first prophylactic experiment, sACVR (or PBS) was injected as a treatment following tumour cell inoculation. Results Muscle proteomics in TB cachectic mice revealed downregulated signatures for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and increased acute phase response (APR). These were accompanied by muscle NAD+ deficiency, alterations in NAD+ biosynthesis including downregulation of nicotinamide riboside kinase 2 (Nrk2), and decreased muscle protein synthesis. The disturbances in NAD+ metabolism and protein synthesis were rescued upontreatment with sACVR. Across the whole proteome and APR in particular, Serpina3n represented the most upregulated protein and the strongest predictor of cachexia. However, the increase in Serpina3n expression associated with increased inflammation rather than decreased muscle mass and/or protein synthesis. Conclusions We present here an evidence implicating disturbed muscle mitochondrial OXPHOS proteome and NAD+ homeostasis in experimental cancer cachexia. Treatment of tumour-bearing mice with a blocker of activin receptor ligands restores depleted muscle NAD+ and Nrk2 as well as decreased muscle protein synthesis. These results point out putative new treatment therapies for cachexia. Our results also reveal that although acute phase protein Serpina3n may serve as a predictor of cachexia, it more likely reflects a condition of elevated inflammation.Peer reviewe

Aerobic Exercise Alters the Melanoma Microenvironment and Modulates ERK5 S496 Phosphorylation

Exercise changes the tumor microenvironment by remodeling blood vessels and increasing infiltration by cytotoxic immune cells. The mechanisms driving these changes remain unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that exercise normalizes tumor vasculature and upregulates endothelial expression of VCAM1 in YUMMER 1.7 and B16F10 murine models of melanoma but differentially regulates tumor growth, hypoxia, and the immune response. We found that exercise suppressed tumor growth and increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration in YUMMER but not in B16F10 tumors. Single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry revealed exercise modulated the number and phenotype of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and myeloid cells. Specifically, exercise caused a phenotypic shift in the tumor-associated macrophage population and increased the expression of MHC class II transcripts. We further demonstrated that ERK5 S496A knock-in mice, which are phosphorylation deficient at the S496 residue, mimicked the exercise effect when unexercised, yet when exercised, these mice displayed a reversal in the effect of exercise on tumor growth and macrophage polarization compared with wild-type mice. Taken together, our results reveal tumor-specific differences in the immune response to exercise and show that ERK5 signaling via the S496 residue plays a crucial role in exercise-induced tumor microenvironment changes. See related Spotlight by Betof Warner, p. 1158

Targeting Mitochondria by SS-31 Ameliorates the Whole Body Energy Status in Cancer- and Chemotherapy-Induced Cachexia

Objective: Cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome frequently occurring in cancer patients and exacerbated by chemotherapy. In skeletal muscle of cancer hosts, reduced oxidative capacity and low intracellular ATP resulting from abnormal mitochondrial function were described. Methods: The present study aimed at evaluating the ability of the mitochondria-targeted compound SS-31 to counteract muscle wasting and altered metabolism in C26-bearing (C26) mice either receiving chemotherapy (OXFU: oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil) or not. Results: Mitochondrial dysfunction in C26-bearing (C26) mice associated with alterations of cardiolipin fatty acid chains. Selectively targeting cardiolipin with SS-31 partially counteracted body wasting and prevented the reduction of glycolytic myofiber area. SS-31 prompted muscle mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and rescued intracellular ATP levels, although it was unable to counteract mitochondrial protein loss. Progressively increased dosing of SS-31 to C26 OXFU mice showed transient (21 days) beneficial effects on body and muscle weight loss before the onset of a refractory end-stage condition (28 days). At day 21, SS-31 prevented mitochondrial loss and abnormal autophagy/mitophagy. Skeletal muscle, liver and plasma metabolomes were analyzed, showing marked energy and protein metabolism alterations in tumor hosts. SS-31 partially modulated skeletal muscle and liver metabolome, likely reflecting an improved systemic energy homeostasis. Conclusions: The results suggest that targeting mitochondrial function may be as important as targeting protein anabolism/catabolism for the prevention of cancer cachexia. With this in mind, prospective multi-modal therapies including SS-31 are warranted