Effects of agitation speed, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources on the growth of recombinant Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 carrying domain 1 of aerolysin gene

Lactococcus lactis is a Gram-positive bacterium widely used in the production of buttermilk and cheese. Recently, the bacterium becomes famous as the genetically modified organism can be used alive for the treatment of disease. In this study, different cultural conditions based on agitation speed and temperature on the growth of recombinant L. lactis NZ9000 harboring domain 1 of aerolysin gene (NHD1Aer) were investigated using shake flask experiment. The effect of different carbon (glucose, sucrose and lactose) and nitrogen (yeast extract, peptone, NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, and urea) sources in M17 medium on the cell accumulation were also tested. The results showed that the highest cell concentration (3.22 g/L, μm = 0.58 h-1) was obtained when the cultivation was incubated at 27°C and at agitation of 100 rpm. The cells growth was markedly improved when utilizing glucose and peptone/yeast extract as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The aerolysin gene in the cells after four generation time was extracted and then analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis. The results obtained showed a 250 bp band amplified of domain 1 of the aerolysin gene.Keywords: Aerolysin, Lactococcus lactis, fermentation, one-factor-at-a-timeAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(33), pp. 5392-5398, 16 August, 201

Non – invasive Fetal Scalp pH Measurement Utilizing Magnetic Induction Spectroscopy Technique

Conventional fetal of fetal scalp sampling needs an invasive method to acquire blood sample to the fetus. In this paper describes a suggested non-invasive technique employing magnetic induction spectroscopy based on hydrogen conductivity in pH solution. Four types of transmitter-receiver (Tx-Rx) coil pairs are developed and test with frequency range from 2MHz to 10MHz. The phase reading from both reference channel, and sample channel is taken and the phase change is calculated from the differences between both channels. The result shows that the phase is decreased as the pH value of the solution increase. Circular pair of Tx-Rx shows a good sensitivity reading while square pair Tx-Rx shows a linearity result. From the result obtained, it is proved that single channel magnetic induction spectroscopy can be used as a non-invasive pH meter as an alternative to invasive pH meter

A review of non-invasive imaging: the opportunity of magnetic induction tomography modality in agarwood industry

The needs for non-invasive technique in agarwood industry could enhance and preserve the future of this industry in Malaysia as well as in most of the Asia countries. Normally karas tree which produces agarwood needs at least more than ten years to yield a matured agarwood resin. Thus cutting down the immature trees without pre-assessment on the agarwood content would become a waste of resources. This paper discusses the NDE techniques in wood industry which has the potential to be applied in karas tree for pre-assessment of agarwood volume embedded inside the trees. Finally future research in agarwood imaging using Magnetic Induction Tomography modality is addressed

Jaundice assessement of newborn baby: a short review on Kramel’s Rule and magnetic induction spectroscopy

Jaundice is a yellow discolouration of white eyes (sclera), skin and mucous membrane which is clinically apparent when the level of serum bilirubin rises up to 5 mg/dl. Jaundice could cause abnormalities in the newborn infant when production of bilirubin exceeds the normal range. Formation of bilirubin starts from degradation of hemoglobin and haemoprotein, which is released from red blood cell. Current technique in evaluating jaundice of new born infant is based on Kramer’s Rule but unfortunately it is not very applicable to the babies with dark skin. Thus Magnetic Induction Spectroscopy (MIS) is introduced as an alternative to this issue as MIS is a non-invasive, non-intrusive and electrodeless measurement scheme. This paper will go through short overview on jaundice measurement as well as MIS modality

Simulation of single channel magnetic induction spectroscopy for fetal hypoxia detection

Conventional fetal scalp blood sampling (FBS) need an invasive measurement to detect fetal hypoxia in fetus. This paper describe non-invasive technique employing single channel magnetic induction technique. The simulation was done to determine the best range of frequency value to detect biological tissue and tested with different value of conductivity value

Development of sperm separation system using electrical current for bull

A novel electrophoretic separation system has been successfully applied for the preparation of human sperm prior to the execution of assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs). This new system is designed to overcome the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through centrifugation in conventional sperm preparation. Since the previous study showed favorable outcomes in humans, this study intends to implement this new system for animal sperm preparation particularly in bull. Fresh semen from adult bulls were used. Optimization of the electrophoretic system for optimum bull sperm separation involved different strength of voltage and separation time. The voltages applied were 10V, 20V, 30V, 40V, 50V, and 60V. For each voltage applied, the system was operated for a duration of 12 min. An average of 10 μl fractionalized semen was taken out at the collection site at every 2-min interval. Every fractionated sperm was then evaluated for percentage of viability, motility, and DNA damage assessment. Result showed that electrophoresis at 20V and 6 min yielded more than 80% viable and more than 70% motile sperm population with the lowest DNA damage. In conclusion, the system was able to fractionate high quality bull sperm at 20V and 6 min

Magnetic induction tomography: a brief review

Magnetic Induction Tomography (MIT) is a contactless non-invasive imaging technique that interested in mapping the passive electrical properties of a material; conductivity, permittivity and permeability. This paper presents the criteria and previous functional specification involving the development of MIT, focusing in conductivity imaging. Various ways have been implemented from a simple electronic configuration of the front-end sensory circuit, data acquisition system, reconstruction algorithm and graphical user interfacing (GUI) tools. Induction sensors are paramount as it does provide the signal source for time varying magnetic field to the coils. The advantages and limitations of MIT are also presented. Many more advancement can be expected to enhance the lack of MIT especially in spatial resolution and dynamic response of the sensor

Effects of agitation speed, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources on the growth of recombinant Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 carrying domain 1 of aerolysin gene

Lactococcus lactis is a Gram-positive bacterium widely used in the production of buttermilk and cheese. Recently, the bacterium becomes famous as the genetically modified organism can be used alive for the treatment of disease. In this study, different cultural conditions based on agitation speed and temperature on the growth of recombinant L. lactis NZ9000 harboring domain 1 of aerolysin gene (NHD1Aer) were investigated using shake flask experiment. The effect of different carbon (glucose, sucrose and lactose) and nitrogen (yeast extract, peptone, NH4 Cl, (NH 4)2SO4, and urea) sources in M17 medium on the cell accumulation were also tested. The results showed that the highest cell concentration (3.22 g/L, μm= 0.58 h-1) was obtained when the cultivation was incubated at 27°C and at agitation of 100 rpm. The cells growth was markedly improved when utilizing glucose and peptone/yeast extract as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The aerolysin gene in the cells after four generation time was extracted and then analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis. The results obtained showed a 250 bp band amplified of domain 1 of the aerolysin gene