Contemporary achievements in astronautics: Salyut-7, the Vega Project and Spacelab

The latest achievements in Soviet aeronautics are described; the new stage in the space program to study Venus using Soviet automated space probes, and the next space mission by cosmonauts to the Salyut-7 station. Information is also presented on the flight of the Spacelab orbiting laboratory created by Western European specialists

Ion distribution dynamics near the Earth's bow shock: first measurements with the 2D ion energy spectrometer CORALL on the INTERBALL/Tail-probe satellite

International audienceThe dynamics of the ion distribution function near the Earth's bow shock is studied on the basis of quasi-3D measurements of ion energy spectra in the range of 30?24200 eV/q with the Russian-Cuban CORALL instrument on the INTERBALL/Tail-probe satellite. The instrument was designed for observations of magnetospheric plasma and measures ions, in an angular range of 36°?144° from the Earth-Sun direction. Ion populations generated by the Earth bow shock are often observed upstream from the bow shock. In the solar-wind stream compressed and heated by the passing of very dense magnetic cloud (CME), two types of these ion populations were measured upstream and before the bow shock crossing on 25 August 1995 at 07:37 UT. Both populations were observed in the energy range above 2 keV. At ~06:20 UT, when the angle between the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field and normal to the bow shock VBn was ? 43° the instrument observed a narrow, fast (~800 km/s) field-aligned beam moving from the Earth. At ~07:30, when Bn ? 28°, the wide ion pitch-angle distribution was observed. A similar suprathermal ion population is observed in the magnetosheath simultaneously with the solar-wind ion population being heated and deflected from the Sun-Earth direction. The similarity of observations during the mentioned time-interval and under usual solar-wind conditions allows us to conclude that types of suprathermal ion populations upstream and downstream from the bow shock do not depend on the solar-wind disturbance generated by magnetic cloud

MULTIFRACTAL ANALYSIS OF AFM IMAGES OF Nb THIN FILM SURFACES 1

The multifractal analysis of the atomic Force Microscope (AFM) images of the Niobium (Nb) thinˇlm surfaces has been performed. These Nbˇlms are being used for the measurements of the London penetration depth of stationary magneticˇeld by polarized neutron re ectometry. The analysis shows the behavior of Rà enyi dimensions of images (in the range of available scales 6Ä2000 nm), like the known multifractal p-model, with typical Hausdorff dimension of prevalent color in the range of 1.6 − 1.9. This indicates the fractal nature ofˇlm landscape on those scales. The perspective of new mechanism of order parameter suppression on superconductor-vacuum boundary, manifested in anomalous magneticˇeld penetration, is discussed. The investigation has been performed at the Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics and at the Laboratory of Computing Techniques and Automation, JINR. OEʲÓɨ˷ ±É ²Ó´Ò° ´ ²¨ §¨ §µ¡· ¦¥´¨° ¶ µ¢¥·Ì´µ¸É¨Éµ´±¨Ì´¨µ¡¨¥¢ÒÌ ¶²¥´µ±, ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´ÒÌ´ ɵ³´µ³¸¨²µ¢µ³ ³¨±·µ¸±µ ¶¥ OE.‚.²É °¸±¨°¨¤·. ‚Ò ¶µ²´¥´³Ê²Óɨ˷ ±É ²Ó´Ò° ´ ²¨ §¨ §µ¡· ¦¥´¨° ¶µ¢¥·Ì´µ¸É¨Éµ´±¨Ì ¶²¥´µ± Nb, ¶µ²ÊÎ¥´´ÒÌ´ ɵ³´µ³ ³¨±·µ¸±µ ¶¥. ‚ ¤¨ ¶ §µ´¥ ³ ¸ÏÉ ¡µ¢´¥µ¤´µ·µ¤´µ¸É¥° = (6−2000)´³ µ¡µ¡Ð¥´´Ò¥ · §³¥·´µ¸É¨¥´Ó¨¨³¥ÕÉ § ¢¨¸¨³µ¸ÉÓ µÉ¨Ì ¶µ·Ö¤± ´ ²µ£¨Î´µ p-³µ¤¥²¨± ¸± ¤´ÒÌ ¶·µÍ¥¸¸µ¢¸Ì ʸ¤µ·Ëµ¢µ°· §³¥·´µ¸ÉÓÕ¨ §µ²¨´¨° ¶ ·¥¢ ²¨·ÊÕÐ¥£µ Í¢¥É D0 = 1, 6 − 1, 9, Îɵ ʱ §Ò¢ ¥É´ ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´µ Ë· ±É ²Ó´Ò°Ì · ±É¥· ¶µ¢¥·Ì´µ¸É¨. ¸¸³µÉ·¥´µ ¢²¨Ö´¨¥ Ë· ±É ²Ó´µ¸É¨ ¶µ¢¥·Ì´µ¸É¨ ¶²¥´µ± £²Ê¡¨´Ê ¶·µ´¨±´µ¢¥´¨Ö ³ £´¨É´µ£µ ¶µ²Ö H0 ¢ ¶·µ¢µ¤´¨±. "²Ö¸¢¥·Ì ¶·µ¢µ¤´¨-±µ¢ £²Ê¡¨´ ¶·µ´¨±´µ¢¥´¨Ö ¢µ §· ¸É ¥É¸Ê¢¥²¨Î¥´¨¥³ Ë· ±É ²Ó´µ°· §³¥·´µ¸É¨. ‚ ¢Ö §¨¸Ôɨ³ µ¡¸Ê¦¤ ¥É¸Ö ¢µ §³µ¦´µ¸ÉÓ ¶µ¤ ¢²¥´¨Ö ¶ · ³¥É· ¶µ·Ö¤± ´ £· ´¨Í¥ ¢¥·Ì ¶·µ¢µ¤´¨±-¢ ±Êʳ. ¡µÉ ¢Ò ¶µ²´¥´ ¢ ‹ ¡µ· ɵ·¨¨´¥°É·µ´´µ°Ë¨ §¨±¨¨³.ˆ.OE."· ´± ¨‹ ¡µ-· ɵ·¨¨¢ÒΨ¸²¨É¥²Ó´µ°É¥Ì´¨±¨¨ ¢Éµ³ ɨ § ͨ¨ˆŸˆ