Toxic Effects of Bisphenols: A Special Focus on Bisphenol A and Its Regulations

Bisphenol A (BPA), which is an abundant chemical in the environment, is suggested to cause different toxic effects, including endocrine disruption, reprotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and neurotoxicity. Due to these effects, regulatory authorities have restricted the use of BPA in different consumer products, particularly in products used by children. These restrictions have led to researchers and plastic industry to find new and safer alternatives. Today, bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) are highly used although their toxic effects are less known. In the past years, several studies showed that these derivatives might also act as endocrine disruptors and cause toxic effects. BPA is a substance that is carefully monitored by regulatory agencies, and toxicological data are evaluated regularly. The alternatives, such as BPF and BPS, should also be monitored, and the regulations concerning their use in consumer products must be implemented soon. The increase in the number of studies on BPA and different bisphenols is very important in terms of obtaining new toxicological data and guiding regulatory institutions. This chapter will mainly focus on BPA, its toxicity, BPA alternatives, and regulations implemented by different American and European authorities

GENÇ İŞSİZLİĞİNİ BELİRLEYEN UNSURLAR: BRICS ÜLKELERİ İLE TÜRKİYE PANEL ARDL UYGULAMASI

ÖZ: Küreselleşme ile birlikte genç işgücü piyasalarını izlemek, değişen ve gelişen işgücü piyasası dinamiklerini anlayabilmek için önemli hale gelmiştir. Bunun en önemli nedeni ülke ekonomilerinin giderek küreselleşmeden daha az katkı alarak ilerlediği bir döneme girilmesidir. Genç işsizlik oranlarını yorumlamada, bireyin eğitimde olup olmama durumunun dikkatle incelenmesi gerekmektedir. Bireyin okuldan mezun olduktan sonra düzenli bir iş hayatına geçene kadarki yaşantısı çeşitli süreçlerden oluşmaktadır. Uluslararası İşgücü Örgütü verilerine göre genç işsizlik oranı dünya ortalaması 2018 yılı için %13,1’dir. Bu oran aynı yıl için Türkiye’de ortalama %19 olup birçok ülkenin ve yanı sıra çalışmamızın örneklemini oluşturan BRICS ülkelerinden Çin, Hindistan ve Rusya’nın üzerindedir. Bu durum genç işsizliğinin ülkemizde yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışma 1997-2017dönemi için, Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin, Güney Afrika’dan oluşan BRICS ülkeleri ve Türkiye için genç işsizliğini belirleyen unsurları analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Genç işsizliği ile ilgili olarak AB ve ABD için yapılmış çalışmalar olmakla birlikte BRICS ülkeleri için çok fazla çalışma olmadığı görülmüştür. Çalışmamızın bulgularına göre, cinsiyete göre genç işsizliği ayrı ayrı ortalama grup (mg) ve havuzlanmış ortalama grup (pmg) yöntemleri ile tahmin edilmiş ve pmg yöntemi etkin ve uygun yöntem olarak seçilmiştir. İşsizlik serileri birbiri üzerinde pozitif anlamlı olarak etki ederken, nüfus büyüme oranı ve tüketim harcamalarındaki artış erkek genç işsizliği üzerinde negatif yönde anlamlı bir şekilde etkilidir. ABSTRACT: Youth unemployment which is defined as the people neither employed nor in education in age of (15-24) is a popular concern for years. The most important reason for this is that the countries having less contribution from globalisation as time goes. It is important to decide on education of the individual while interpreting the youth unemployment. There are stages of life cycle from graduation to stable working life. According to the ILO’s data the youth unemployment rate is %13,1 for the world average. This ratio is 19% for Turkey for the same year and is above China, India and Russia. This shows that youth unemployment rate is quite high and maybe problematic for our country. Our study aims to analyse youth unemployment for BRICS and Turkey for the period of (1997-2017). Although there are studies about US and EU thera are less studies about BRICS. In this study, youth unemployment is estimated with mean group (mg) and pooled mean group (pmg) estimation and pmg is selected as an appropriate model. The results show that while unemployment series do have positive and significant impact on each other. Population growth and consumption have a negative significant impact on men youth unemployment

Relational bonding strategies, customer satisfaction, and loyalty in the container shipping market

Purpose In recent years, the business of container lines has faced severe challenges such as overcapacity and low profitability. To survive in such a competitive market, container lines need to maintain long-term customer relationships by enhancing the satisfaction and loyalty of customers. The purpose of this paper is to adopt a social exchange theory (SET) approach and investigate the impact of relational bonding strategies on the satisfaction and loyalty of customers in container shipping. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on SET, a theoretical model that specifies the relationships between relational bonding strategies, customer satisfaction and loyalty was proposed. Survey data were collected from 175 freight forwarders. The obtained data were analyzed using structural equation modelling. Findings The results indicate that financial bonding strategies have the most significant direct effects on customer satisfaction, while social bonding strategies have the strongest direct impact on customer loyalty. Financial bonding strategies, on the other hand, have the strongest total effects on customer loyalty. Intermodal and basic operations are found to have the equal total effects on customer loyalty. Research limitations/implications - By identifying the most effective relational bonding strategies for enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty, this study's findings allow container lines to better allocate their resources and implement effective relational marketing policies to satisfy and retain their customers. Originality/value This research analyses and validates the determinants of customer satisfaction and loyalty from a relational lens and empirically contributes to the field of relational marketing in the container shipping industry

Effects of prenatal and lactational bisphenol a and/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure on male reproductive system.

Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates are abundantly used endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of single and combined exposures to BPA and/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in prenatal and lactational period on rat male reproductive system in later stages of life. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly to four groups ( = 3/group): Control (corn oil); DEHP (30 mg/kg/day); BPA (50 mg/kg/day); and BPA+ DEHP (30 mg/kg/day DEHP and 50 mg/kg/day BPA). Groups exposed to EDCs through 6-21 gestational days and lactation period by intragastric lavage. Male offspring ( = 6/group) from each mother were fed till adulthood and were then euthanized. Later, reproductive hormones, sperm parameters, and oxidative stress parameters were determined. In conclusion, we can suggest that prenatal and lactational exposure to BPA and DEHP may cause adverse effects in male reproductive system in later stages of life especially after combined exposure

Histopathologic, apoptotic and autophagic, effects of prenatal bisphenol A and/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure on prepubertal rat testis

Bisphenol A (BPA) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) used in a wide variety of industrial products as plasticizers. Exposure to EDCs, particularly in mixtures, in prenatal and early postnatal periods may lead to unwanted effects and can cause both developmental and reproductive problems. In this study, we aimed to determine the individual and combined effects of prenatal and lactational exposure to BPA and/or DEHP on testicular histology, apoptosis, and autophagic proteins. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 3) were divided into four groups (control, BPA (50 mg/kg/day), DEHP (30 mg/kg/day), and BPA (50 mg/kg/day) + DEHP (30 mg/kg/day)) and dosed by oral gavage during pregnancy and lactation. The male offspring (n = 6) from each group were chosen randomly, and their testicular examinations were performed on the twelfth week. The results showed that fetal and neonatal exposure to BPA and DEHP could lead to significant testicular histopathological alterations and cause increases in apoptosis markers (as evidenced by increases in caspase 3 and caspase 8 levels; increased TUNEL-positive spermatogonia and TUNEL-positive testicular apoptotic cells) and autophagic proteins (as evidenced by increased LC3 and Beclin levels and decreased p62 levels) in testicular tissue. We can suggest that EDCs cause more dramatic changes in both testicular structure and cell death when there is combined exposure. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature

Study of windscreen Angles on car characteristic

Abstract. The aerodynamic problem is associated with the shape of the forebody and afterbody of a car. The finite volume method is used to discrete the governing equations, the second-order up wind difference scheme is adopted for the convection term and the centric difference scheme for the dissipation term. The comparison of pressures nephogram and velocity nephogram are presented among nine rear windscreen angles of the symmetry. Analyzing the result, The results show that the different angle of the rear window, the flow separation and re-attachment points for the different; the resistance coefficient is also different. It is proved that the numerical simulation air flow of passenger car is feasible. The conclusions of analysis provide the theoretical foundation for styling optimization of car, it is of certain guiding significance for practical application

Effects of prenatal and lactational bisphenol a and/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure on male reproductive system

Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates are abundantly used endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of single and combined exposures to BPA and/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in prenatal and lactational period on rat male reproductive system in later stages of life. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly to four groups (n = 3/group): Control (corn oil); DEHP (30 mg/kg/day); BPA (50 mg/kg/day); and BPA+ DEHP (30 mg/kg/day DEHP and 50 mg/kg/day BPA). Groups exposed to EDCs through 6–21 gestational days and lactation period by intragastric lavage. Male offspring (n = 6/group) from each mother were fed till adulthood and were then euthanized. Later, reproductive hormones, sperm parameters, and oxidative stress parameters were determined. In conclusion, we can suggest that prenatal and lactational exposure to BPA and DEHP may cause adverse effects in male reproductive system in later stages of life especially after combined exposure. © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group