Effect of sweep angle on the pressure distributions and effectiveness of the ogee tip in diffusing a line vortex

Low-speed wind tunnel tests were conducted to study the influence of sweep angle on the pressure distributions of an ogee-tip configuration with relation to the effectiveness of the ogee tip in diffusing a line vortex. In addition to the pressure data, performance and flow-visualization data were obtained in the wind tunnel tests to evaluate the application of the ogee tip to aircraft configurations. The effect of sweep angle on the performance characteristics of a conventional-tip model, having equivalent planform area, was also investigated for comparison with the ogee-tip configuration. Results of the investigation generally indicate that sweep angle has little effect on the characteristics of the ogee in diffusing a line vortex

Parametric study of the noise produced by the interaction of the main rotor wake with the tail rotor

A model was designed, fabricated and wind tunnel tested to identify some of the parameters which were pertinent to the noise produced by the interaction of the main rotor wake with the tail rotor. The model provided for variations in many geometric and operating parameters. The initial set of tests indicated that the noise produced by the tail rotor was, in general, sensitive to the location of the vortex interaction on the tail rotor disk, direction of rotation, lateral rotor fin spacing, tip speed and the operating mode of the tail rotor; and generally insensitive to main rotor thrust coefficient, longitudinal spacing and tail rotor to main rotor rotational speed ratios. Refinements in the analyses to adequately predict the noise phenomenon have been outlined to complement further experimental investigations

Design and preliminary tests of a blade tip air mass injection system for vortex modification and possible noise reduction on a full-scale helicopter rotor

Full-scale tests were conducted on the Langley helicopter rotor test facility as part of a study to evaluate the effectiveness of a turbulent blade tip air mass injection system in alleviating the impulsive noise (blade slap) caused by blade-vortex interaction. Although blade-slap conditions could not be induced during these tests, qualitative results from flow visualization studies using smoke showed that the differential velocity between the jet velocity and the rotor tip speed was a primary parameter controlling the vortex modification

"The Bayesian Objection" - Ch 4 of Seemings and Epistemic Justification

In this chapter I analyse an objection to phenomenal conservatism to the effect that phenomenal conservatism is unacceptable because it is incompatible with Bayesianism. I consider a few responses to it and dismiss them as misled or problematic. Then, I argue that this objection doesn’t go through because it rests on an implausible formalization of the notion of seeming-based justification. In the final part of the chapter, I investigate how seeming-based justification and justification based on one’s reflective belief that one has a seeming interact with one another

The significance of c.690G>T polymorphism (rs34529039) and expression of the CEBPA gene in ovarian cancer outcome

The CEBPA gene is known to be mutated or abnormally expressed in several cancers. This is the first study assessing the clinical impact of CEBPA gene status and expression on the ovarian cancer outcome. The CEBPA gene sequence was analyzed in 118 ovarian cancer patients (44 platinum/cyclophosphamide (PC)-treated and 74 taxane/platinum (TP)-treated), both in tumors and blood samples, and in blood from 236 healthy women, using PCR-Sanger sequencing and Real-Time quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based genotyping methods, respectively. The CEBPA mRNA level was examined with Reverse Transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The results were correlated to different clinicopathological parameters. Thirty of 118 (25.4%) tumors harbored the CEBPA synonymous c.690G>T polymorphism (rs34529039), that we showed to be related to up-regulation of CEBPA mRNA levels (p=0.0059). The presence of the polymorphism was significantly associated with poor prognosis (p=0.005) and poor response to the PC chemotherapy regimen (p=0.024). In accordance, elevated CEBPA mRNA levels negatively affected patient survival (pT, p.(Thr230Thr) (rs34529039) polymorphism of the CEBPA gene, together with up-regulation of its mRNA expression, are negative factors worsening ovarian cancer outcome. Their adverse clinical effect depends on a therapeutic regimen used, which might make them potential prognostic and predictive biomarkers for response to DNA-damaging chemotherapy

Conceivability and possibility : some dilemmas for Humeans

This research is published within the Project ‘The Logic of Conceivability’, funded by the European Research Council (ERC CoG), Grant Number 681404.The Humean view that conceivability entails possibility can be criticized via input from cognitive psychology. A mainstream view here has it that there are two candidate codings for mental representations (one of them being, according to some, reducible to the other): the linguistic and the pictorial, the difference between the two consisting in the degree of arbitrariness of the representation relation. If the conceivability of P at issue for Humeans involves the having of a linguistic mental representation, then it is easy to show that we can conceive the impossible, for impossibilities can be represented by meaningful bits of language. If the conceivability of P amounts to the pictorial imaginability of a situation verifying P, then the question is whether the imagination at issue works purely qualitatively, that is, only by phenomenological resemblance with the imagined scenario. If so, the range of situations imaginable in this way is too limited to have a significant role in modal epistemology. If not, imagination will involve some arbitrary labeling component, which turns out to be sufficient for imagining the impossible. And if the relevant imagination is neither linguistic nor pictorial, Humeans will appear to resort to some representational magic, until they come up with a theory of a ‘third code’ for mental representations.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Efektywność żywienia opasów z wykorzystaniem sianokiszonek z różnym udziałem roślin bobowatych

Studies were carried out in the years 2013-2015 in a private farm in Kąty (Podlaskie Province) specialising in beef cattle breeding. The aim of undertaken studies was to analyse the efficiency of feeding beef cattle using grass silage from meadow sward of different leguminous plants content. In two subsequent years (2014 and 2015) feeding experiment was performed on bull calves of Limousine race having initial body mass 359-363 kg in 2014 and 270-290 kg in 2015 divided into two groups, 9 heads in each. The factor differentiating animal feeding referred to the share of leguminous plants in experimental silages given to animals. The efficiency of feeding was compared with that used in 2013 according to long breeder’s habit. Daily body weight gains of bulls, daily cost of feeding and the cost of obtaining 1 kg of body gain were evaluated. Increased share of legumes in silage resulting from grassland renovation through undersowing improved the efficiency of feeding and decreased its costs. Dosing of fodder in 2014 allowed for increasing daily body gains to 1.15 kg/head in the control group and to 1.26 kg/head in the group of cattle fed with silage containing leguminous plants. This enabled to decrease daily cost of feeding to 2.34 PLN per head and the cost of obtaining 1 kg body gains to 1.88 PLN per kg.Badania prowadzono w latach 2013-2015 w indywidualnym gospodarstwie rolnym w miejscowości Kąty (woj. podlaskie) specjalizującym się w hodowli bydła mięsnego. Celem podjętych badań była analiza efektywności żywienia bydła opasowego z wykorzystaniem sianokiszonek z runi łąkowej z różnym udziałem roślin bobowatych. Kolejno w dwóch latach badań tj. w 2014 i 2015, przeprowadzono doświadczenia żywieniowe na buhajkach rasy Limousine o początkowej masie ciała 359- 363 kg w 2014 roku i 270-290 kg w 2015 roku, podzielonych na dwie grupy po 9 sztuk. Czynnikiem różnicującym żywienie zwierząt był różny udział roślin bobowatych w sianokiszonkach doświadczalnych wchodzących w skład dawek pokarmowych opasanych zwierząt. Tłem oceny efektywności żywienia było żywienie stosowane w 2013 roku, zgodne z wieloletnimi nawykami hodowcy. Oceniano dobowe przyrosty masy ciała buhajków, dzienny koszt żywienia i koszt uzyskania 1 kg przyrostu. Zwiększenie udziału roślin bobowatych w sianokiszonce, w wyniku renowacji trwałych użytków zielonych metodą podsiewu, przyczyniło się do poprawy efektywności opasu i zmniejszenia kosztów żywienia. Wprowadzenie dawkowania pasz w 2014 roku pozwoliło na zwiększenie dobowych przyrostów masy ciał do poziomu 1,15 kg szt.-1 w grupie kontrolnej i 1,26 kg szt.-1 w grupie bydła żywionego sianokiszonką z udziałem roślin bobowatych. Pozwoliło to na zmniejszenie dziennego kosztu żywienia do 2,34 zł na sztukę oraz kosztu uzyskania 1 kilograma przyrostu do 1,88 zł/kg

Reasoning as a source of justification

In this essay we argue that reasoning can sometimes generate epistemic justification, rather than merely transmitting justification that the subject already possesses to new beliefs. We also suggest a way to account for it in terms of the relationship between epistemic normative requirements, justification and cognitive capacities

Analiza wyników oceny użytkowości brytyjskiej rasy angus w Polsce

The aim of thestudy was to assess the utility of selected results of the British Angus breed with respect to their compliance with the goal of racial breeding and standards adopted by the Polish Association of Breeders and Producers of Beef Cattle (PABPBC). The subject of theanalysis were recording results of the British Angus beef cattle breed in Poland. The study wasbased on datafor the years 2002-2014 of PABPBC and the National Center of Animal Breeding (NCAB) for 1996-2001. The data set included: N - the number of animals tested, Min. - Minimum values in the studied traits, Max. - The maximum value of the selected features, Average - average values of the analyzed traits, SD - standard deviation. Evaluated properties are: average weight of cows (kg), the average body weight of calves after birth (kg), the average milk yield (kg), the terms of cows and heifers calving aptitude, the distribution of the population according to the order of calving cows.Since 2001 there is a clear, steady decline in the share of population of the breed in the female population of beef cattle. This decrease concern both purebred and crossbred populations. Analysis of the results of evaluation shows that the average body weight of cows did not differ from weights assumed in the breeding goal. The mean body weight of purebred calves at birth did not change significantly in 15 years of assessment. Bulls have demonstrated higher birth weight reaching 37.0 kg. The difference between bulls and heifers was about 1-2 kg. Calves were characterized by a high average gains during rearing: 763-997 g for heifers and 718-1032 g for bulls over all years of assessment. In Polish Angus cattle herds 50-60% of cows was calving during the relevant period in recent years. It shows that about half of the calves born at other times of the year only to a small degree can take full advantage of the pasture. Despite a steady decrease in the population of Angus cows primaparous and cows calving for the second time constituted about 40% of the population. In 2001 only 4 cows was after 7 calving and in 2014 already 94 (22.5%).Analiza wyników oceny użytkowości brytyjskiej rasy angus w Polsce. Celem pracy była analiza wybranych wyników oceny użytkowości brytyjskiej rasyangus w odniesieniu do ich zgodności z celem hodowlanym i standardami rasowymi przyjętymi przez Polski Związek Hodowców i Producentów Bydła Mięsnego. Przedmiotem analiz były wyniki oceny użytkowości brytyjskiej rasy bydła mięsnego angus w Polsce. Opracowanie oparte jest na danych PZHiPBM za lata 2002-2014 oraz Krajowego Centrum Hodowli Zwierząt (KCHZ) za lata 1996-2001. Zbiór danych obejmował: N – liczbę badanych zwierząt, Min. – minimalne wartości w badanej cechy, Max. – maksymalne wartości badanej cechy, Średnia – uśrednione wartości badanej cech, SD – odchylenie standardowe. Oceniane cechy to: średnie masy ciała krów (kg), średnie masy ciała cieląt po urodzeniu (kg), średnia mleczność krów (kg), terminy ocieleń krów i jałowic. rozkład populacji krów według kolejności ocielenia. Od roku 2001 widać wyraźny, systematyczny spadek udziału tej rasy w żeńskiej populacji bydła mięsnego. Spadek ten dotyczy zarówno populacji czystorasowej jak i mieszańców. Analiza wyników oceny użytkowości przedstawia, iż średnie masy ciała krów nie odbiegają od mas założonych w celu hodowlanym. Średnie masy ciała cieląt czystorasowych po urodzeniu, które nie zmieniają się znacząco w ciągu 16 lat prowadzenia oceny. Wyższą masą urodzeniową wykazały się buhajki osiągając wagę 357.0 kg. Różnicą pomiędzy buhajkami a jałówkami wynosiła 1-2kg. Cielęta charakteryzowały się wysokimi średnimi przyrostami w okresie odchowu: 763-997 g odpowiednio dla cieliczek i 718-1032 g dla buhajków w ciągu wszystkich lat prowadzenia oceny. W polskich stadach bydła angus cieliło się w ostatnich latach we właściwym okresie 50-60% krów. Wynika z tego że około połowa cieląt urodzonych w innych okresach roku jedynie w małym stopniu może w pełni korzystać z pastwiska. Mimo systematycznego zmniejszania populacji krów rasy angus pierwiastki i krowy cielące się po raz drugi stanowią około 40% populacji. W roku 2001 tylko 4 krowy było po 7 ocieleniu, a w roku 2014 było ich już 94 (22,5%)