Air induction nozzle application efficiency in soybean

Las enfermedades de fin de ciclo en soja (Glycine max L. Merril) requieren de una adecuada calidad en las tecnologías de aplicación por su influencia en la cantidad de plaguicida que llega finalmente al objetivo y el control de las mismas. Se realizaron ensayos con el objeto de evaluar la eficiencia de aplicación y sus metodologías de evaluación. Por un lado se contrastaron pastillas de cono hueco 80015 y 8002 convencionales y pastillas 80015 con aire inducido, sobre un cultivo de soja en el estadío R5. Se determinó el número de impactos (imp cm-2), la eficiencia (%), la cobertura (%) y el DV0,5 en los estratos superiores, medios e inferiores del cultivo con tarjetas hidrosensibles, para tasas de aplicación altas y bajas. En el otro ensayo se comparó la eficiencia de la aplicación, a través del programa CIR 1,5 y el método fluorimétrico, de pastillas de cono hueco 80015 convencionales y de aire inducidas. El tratamiento con pastillas de cono hueco 80015 y mayor tasa de aplicación se destacó por sobre los demás alcanzando, en promedio, mejor prestación en cobertura (13,5%) y número de impactos (175 imp cm-2), como así también mayor penetración en los estratos medio e inferior. Las pastillas cono hueco con inducción de aire alcanzan un número de impactos (25-40cm-2) y cobertura (5,5%) en el objeto de aplicación en los estratos inferiores incompatible con la aplicación de fungicidas de contacto. En la evaluación metodológica, desprovista de cultivo, se observó que la metodología de procesamiento de imágenes sobreestima la eficiencia de aplicación, sobre todo para pastillas con inducción de aire, pero logra ser una herramienta aceptable a nivel de campo para la toma de decisiones dada su sencillez y rapidez.Late season diseases in soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) requires an adequate quality of application technologies for their influence on the amount of pesticide that finally reaches the target and spray drift risk. Field tests were carried out with the aim to evaluate the efficiency of application and their assessment methodologies. On one hand conventional hollow cone nozzles, 8002 and 80015, and air induction nozzles 80015, on a soybean crop in the R5 stage were compared. Drops cm-2, efficiency (%), coverage (%) and DV0,5 in the upper, middle and lower canopy levels was determined with water-sensitive cards, for high and low application rates. In another test the application efficiency was compared through program CIR 1.5 and the fluorimetric method, of conventional and air induction 80015 hollow cone nozzles. Conventional hollow cone nozzles at high application rate treatment was highlighted over others and reaches, in average, the best results in coverage (13.5%) and drops cm-2 (175) and also more penetration in the middle and lower canopy levels. The air induction hollow cone nozzles achieve 25-40 drop cm-2 and 5.5% coverage in the application object in the lower canopy level, incompatible with recommendations for contact fungicides application. In methodological assessment, the image processing methodology overestimates the efficiency of application, particularly for air induction nozzles, but it’s an acceptable tool at field level for taking decisions given for its simplicity and rapidity.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Air induction nozzle application efficiency in soybean

Las enfermedades de fin de ciclo en soja (Glycine max L. Merril) requieren de una adecuada calidad en las tecnologías de aplicación por su influencia en la cantidad de plaguicida que llega finalmente al objetivo y el control de las mismas. Se realizaron ensayos con el objeto de evaluar la eficiencia de aplicación y sus metodologías de evaluación. Por un lado se contrastaron pastillas de cono hueco 80015 y 8002 convencionales y pastillas 80015 con aire inducido, sobre un cultivo de soja en el estadío R5. Se determinó el número de impactos (imp cm-2), la eficiencia (%), la cobertura (%) y el DV0,5 en los estratos superiores, medios e inferiores del cultivo con tarjetas hidrosensibles, para tasas de aplicación altas y bajas. En el otro ensayo se comparó la eficiencia de la aplicación, a través del programa CIR 1,5 y el método fluorimétrico, de pastillas de cono hueco 80015 convencionales y de aire inducidas. El tratamiento con pastillas de cono hueco 80015 y mayor tasa de aplicación se destacó por sobre los demás alcanzando, en promedio, mejor prestación en cobertura (13,5%) y número de impactos (175 imp cm-2), como así también mayor penetración en los estratos medio e inferior. Las pastillas cono hueco con inducción de aire alcanzan un número de impactos (25-40cm-2) y cobertura (5,5%) en el objeto de aplicación en los estratos inferiores incompatible con la aplicación de fungicidas de contacto. En la evaluación metodológica, desprovista de cultivo, se observó que la metodología de procesamiento de imágenes sobreestima la eficiencia de aplicación, sobre todo para pastillas con inducción de aire, pero logra ser una herramienta aceptable a nivel de campo para la toma de decisiones dada su sencillez y rapidez.Late season diseases in soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) requires an adequate quality of application technologies for their influence on the amount of pesticide that finally reaches the target and spray drift risk. Field tests were carried out with the aim to evaluate the efficiency of application and their assessment methodologies. On one hand conventional hollow cone nozzles, 8002 and 80015, and air induction nozzles 80015, on a soybean crop in the R5 stage were compared. Drops cm-2, efficiency (%), coverage (%) and DV0,5 in the upper, middle and lower canopy levels was determined with water-sensitive cards, for high and low application rates. In another test the application efficiency was compared through program CIR 1.5 and the fluorimetric method, of conventional and air induction 80015 hollow cone nozzles. Conventional hollow cone nozzles at high application rate treatment was highlighted over others and reaches, in average, the best results in coverage (13.5%) and drops cm-2 (175) and also more penetration in the middle and lower canopy levels. The air induction hollow cone nozzles achieve 25-40 drop cm-2 and 5.5% coverage in the application object in the lower canopy level, incompatible with recommendations for contact fungicides application. In methodological assessment, the image processing methodology overestimates the efficiency of application, particularly for air induction nozzles, but it’s an acceptable tool at field level for taking decisions given for its simplicity and rapidity.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Field evaluation of rigid and flexible scarifier shanks

Se llevaron a cabo ensayos en campo con el objeto de evaluar parámetros de prestación de arcos de escarificador rígidos y flexibles. Se empleó un tractor de diseño convencional de 73 kW de potencia y un bastidor de tracción libre, registrándose los esfuerzos traccionales mediante una celda de carga interpuesta entre ambos, determinándose el área removida mediante un perfilómetro y obteniéndose los valores de resistencia específica. Los arcos rígidos produjeron un frente de labor significativamente mayor que los arcos flexibles. Los arcos rígidos son energéticamente más eficientes que los arcos flexiblesField tests were carried out with the aim to evaluate both rigid and flexible scarifier shanks performance parameters. A 2WD, 73 kW tractor and a pull type implement were used. The draft force was measured with a force transducer with strain gauges. The loosening area was recorded through a profilometer and, from this data, the specific resistance was calculated. The rigid shanks produced a significantly greather working area than the flexible shanks. The rigid shanks shows higher efficiency than the flexible shanksFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Field evaluation of rigid and flexible scarifier shanks

Se llevaron a cabo ensayos en campo con el objeto de evaluar parámetros de prestación de arcos de escarificador rígidos y flexibles. Se empleó un tractor de diseño convencional de 73 kW de potencia y un bastidor de tracción libre, registrándose los esfuerzos traccionales mediante una celda de carga interpuesta entre ambos, determinándose el área removida mediante un perfilómetro y obteniéndose los valores de resistencia específica. Los arcos rígidos produjeron un frente de labor significativamente mayor que los arcos flexibles. Los arcos rígidos son energéticamente más eficientes que los arcos flexiblesField tests were carried out with the aim to evaluate both rigid and flexible scarifier shanks performance parameters. A 2WD, 73 kW tractor and a pull type implement were used. The draft force was measured with a force transducer with strain gauges. The loosening area was recorded through a profilometer and, from this data, the specific resistance was calculated. The rigid shanks produced a significantly greather working area than the flexible shanks. The rigid shanks shows higher efficiency than the flexible shanksFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Efectos del tráfico del tractor sobre la distribución de la compactación del suelo y los rendimientos de trigo en España

The general objective of this paper was to quantify the changes in the physical properties of an Aridisol soil and the effect on wheat yield due to agricultural tractors traffic in the Vélez Blanco District, Almería Spain. Parameters measured were cone index (CI) in the 0-600 mm depth profile, bulk density (BD) and rut depth; the variable wheat yields (WY) was measured too. The traffic treatments applied were: 0 (control plot), 1, 3, 5, and 7 tractor passes in the same tracks. Each experimental plot was trafficked with two tractors, one light (60 kN) and one heavy (80 kN). In topsoil (0-200 mm), up to five passes of the heavy (HT) and light tractors (LT), as in one and three passes, the BD and CI values responded to the ground pressure being higher in absolute value for LT. For the 200 to 400 mm depth range HT caused higher CI (1,570 to 2,200 kPa) and BD (1.38 to 1.68 Mg m-3) values than LT. Eight months later, WY was evaluated in tractor's track areas and decreases in the range of 18-38%, were measured. For seven passes the applications of total loads of 80 and 60 kN increased BD up to 1.5 Mg m-3 at depths of 200-600 mm. Although soil had high bulk density prior to traffic treatments, a significant increment of subsoil compaction still occurred due to the high traffic intensities applied.El objetivo general del estudio fue cuantificar los cambios producidos en las propiedades físicas de un suelo Aridisol y los efectos sobre el rendimiento del trigo debido al tráfico de tractores agrícolas en Vélez Blanco, Almería, España. Los parámetros analizados fueron índice de cono (IC) a una profundidad de 0-600 mm, densidad aparente (DA) y profundidad de huella; también se analizó la variable rendimiento del trigo (RT). Los tratamientos de tráfico aplicados fueron: cero (parcela testigo), y uno, tres, cinco, y siete pasadas de tractor sobre la misma huella. En cada parcela experimental se utilizaron dos tractores, uno ligero (60 kN) y uno pesado (80 kN). En el horizonte superficial (0-200 mm), hasta las cinco pasadas de los tractores pesados (TP) y ligeros (TL), los valores de DA y de IC respondieron a la presión en el área de contacto, siendo más alto en valor absoluto para TL cuando pasó una y tres veces. Para el rango de profundidad 200-400 mm, TP causó valores más altos de IC (1.570 a 2.200 kPa) y DA (1,38 a 1,68 Mg m-3) que TL. RT se evaluó ocho meses después sobre el área pisada, observándose una disminución en un rango de 18-38%. Las cargas totales aplicadas de 80 y 60 kN, con siete pasadas, aumentaron DA hasta 1,5 Mg m-3 en el rango 200-600 mm. A pesar de que el suelo presentó una alta DA antes de aplicar los tratamientos, se observó un incremento significativo de la compactación del subsuelo por las altas intensidades de tráfico aplicadas.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Contribuição da macroporosidade para o fluxo total de água em um solo sob diferentes sistemas de preparo

In view of the importance of the macroporosity for the water transport properties of soils, its quantitative assessment is a challenging task. Measurements of hydraulic conductivity (K) at different soil water tensions and the quantification of water-conducting macropores (θM) of a soil under different tillage systems could help understand the effects on the soil porous system and related hydraulic properties. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of Conventional Tillage (CT), Chisel Plow (CP) and No Tillage (NT) on θ4;M and on K; and to quantify the contribution of macroporosity to total water flux in a loam soil. A tension disc infiltrometer was used at two soil water pressure heads (-5 cm, and 0) to infer θM and K, during fallow. Macroporosity was determined based on the flow contribution between 0 and -5 cm water potentials (K0, K5, respectively), according to the Hagen- Poiseuille equation. The K0 values were statistically higher for CT than for NT and CP. The K5 values did not differ statistically among treatments. The mean K values varied between 0.20 and 3.70 cm/h. For CT, θM was significantly greater than for CP and NT, following the same trend as K0. No differences in θM were detected between CP and NT. With CT, the formation of water-conducting macropores with persistence until post-harvest was possible, while under CP preparation, the waterconducting macropores were not persistent. These results support the idea that tillage affects the soil water movement mainly by the resulting water-conducting macropores. Future studies on tillage effects on water movement should focus on macroporosity.A importância da macroporosidade para o transporte de água no solo faz a sua avaliação de forma quantitativa uma tarefa desafiadora. Os valores da condutividade hidráulica (K) do solo em diferentes potenciais de retenção de água no solo e a quantificação de macroporos condutores de água (TM) em diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo proporcionarão melhor compreensão dos efeitos no arranjo de poros e nas propriedades físico-hídricas do solo. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de um preparo convencional do solo com arado de aivecas (CT), com subsolador (CP) e utilizando um sistema com plantio direto (NT) sobre os atributos TM e K, bem como quantificar a contribuição da macroporosidade para o fluxo total de água em um solo franco. Um infiltrômetro de tensão no solo foi utilizado para emitir duas pressões ascendentes de água (-5 cm e 0 cm) para inferir TM e K, durante o pousio. A macroporosidade foi determinada com base na contribuição do fluxo entre os potenciais de água de 0 e -5 cm (K0 e K5 , respectivamente), de acordo com a equação de Hagen-Poiseuille. Os valores da K0 obtidos foram estatisticamente superiores no preparo CT, quando comparados aos valores do NT e do CP. Os valores da K5 não diferiram estatisticamente entre os tipos de preparo. Os valores médios da K variaram entre 0,20 e 3,70 cm/h. A quantificação de macroporos condutores de água (TM) foi significativamente superior para o preparo CT em relação aos preparos CP e NT, seguindo a mesma tendência da K0 . Não foram detectadas diferenças significativas dos valores de TM entre os preparos CP e NT. Utilizando o preparo CT, foi possível a formação de macroporos condutores de água com persistência até a póscolheita; já no preparo CP, os macroporos condutores de água não foram persistentes. Os resultados apresentados sustentam a hipótese de que o sistema de preparo do solo escolhido altera o movimento da água no solo, principalmente, devido formação de macroporos condutores de água. Estudos futuros sobre o efeito do sistema de preparo relacionado ao movimento da água no solo devem-se concentrar nas condições de formação da macroporosidade do solo.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Efectos del tráfico del tractor sobre la distribución de la compactación del suelo y los rendimientos de trigo en España

The general objective of this paper was to quantify the changes in the physical properties of an Aridisol soil and the effect on wheat yield due to agricultural tractors traffic in the Vélez Blanco District, Almería Spain. Parameters measured were cone index (CI) in the 0-600 mm depth profile, bulk density (BD) and rut depth; the variable wheat yields (WY) was measured too. The traffic treatments applied were: 0 (control plot), 1, 3, 5, and 7 tractor passes in the same tracks. Each experimental plot was trafficked with two tractors, one light (60 kN) and one heavy (80 kN). In topsoil (0-200 mm), up to five passes of the heavy (HT) and light tractors (LT), as in one and three passes, the BD and CI values responded to the ground pressure being higher in absolute value for LT. For the 200 to 400 mm depth range HT caused higher CI (1,570 to 2,200 kPa) and BD (1.38 to 1.68 Mg m-3) values than LT. Eight months later, WY was evaluated in tractor's track areas and decreases in the range of 18-38%, were measured. For seven passes the applications of total loads of 80 and 60 kN increased BD up to 1.5 Mg m-3 at depths of 200-600 mm. Although soil had high bulk density prior to traffic treatments, a significant increment of subsoil compaction still occurred due to the high traffic intensities applied.El objetivo general del estudio fue cuantificar los cambios producidos en las propiedades físicas de un suelo Aridisol y los efectos sobre el rendimiento del trigo debido al tráfico de tractores agrícolas en Vélez Blanco, Almería, España. Los parámetros analizados fueron índice de cono (IC) a una profundidad de 0-600 mm, densidad aparente (DA) y profundidad de huella; también se analizó la variable rendimiento del trigo (RT). Los tratamientos de tráfico aplicados fueron: cero (parcela testigo), y uno, tres, cinco, y siete pasadas de tractor sobre la misma huella. En cada parcela experimental se utilizaron dos tractores, uno ligero (60 kN) y uno pesado (80 kN). En el horizonte superficial (0-200 mm), hasta las cinco pasadas de los tractores pesados (TP) y ligeros (TL), los valores de DA y de IC respondieron a la presión en el área de contacto, siendo más alto en valor absoluto para TL cuando pasó una y tres veces. Para el rango de profundidad 200-400 mm, TP causó valores más altos de IC (1.570 a 2.200 kPa) y DA (1,38 a 1,68 Mg m-3) que TL. RT se evaluó ocho meses después sobre el área pisada, observándose una disminución en un rango de 18-38%. Las cargas totales aplicadas de 80 y 60 kN, con siete pasadas, aumentaron DA hasta 1,5 Mg m-3 en el rango 200-600 mm. A pesar de que el suelo presentó una alta DA antes de aplicar los tratamientos, se observó un incremento significativo de la compactación del subsuelo por las altas intensidades de tráfico aplicadas.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Crop residue grazing and tillage systems effects on soil physical properties and corn (Zea Mays L.) performance

Crop-livestock systems under no till (NT) could negatively affect soil physical properties and crop performance, due to the additive effects of reduced soil cover and cattle trampling due to livestock grazing, and the absence of tillage. We evaluated the effects of four grazing strategies and of a shallow tillage (ST) on soil physical properties and corn (Zea mays L.) performance for a mollisol after 15 years under crop-livestock systems under NT in Argentina. Grazing strategies evaluated were: closure (C), one grazing (OG), high stocking rate (HR) and farmer's management (FM), and the tillage systems were: NT and ST. Bulk density (BD), penetration resistance (PR), hydraulic conductivity (ks), plant population, surface root distribution, aboveground dry matter accumulation, aboveground total N (TN) accumulation and corn yield were evaluated. High stocking rate and FM increased RP. On the other hand, ST decreased PR and BD and increased ks. Corn yield was higher under ST than under NT, and under HR than under the other grazing strategies. Total N accumulation was higher under HR than under the rest of grazing strategies. Rational grazing management and use of tillage systems on resilient soils could have prevented soil physical properties be affected beyond critical thresholds.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Crop residue grazing and tillage systems effects on soil physical properties and corn (Zea Mays L.) performance

Crop-livestock systems under no till (NT) could negatively affect soil physical properties and crop performance, due to the additive effects of reduced soil cover and cattle trampling due to livestock grazing, and the absence of tillage. We evaluated the effects of four grazing strategies and of a shallow tillage (ST) on soil physical properties and corn (Zea mays L.) performance for a mollisol after 15 years under crop-livestock systems under NT in Argentina. Grazing strategies evaluated were: closure (C), one grazing (OG), high stocking rate (HR) and farmer's management (FM), and the tillage systems were: NT and ST. Bulk density (BD), penetration resistance (PR), hydraulic conductivity (ks), plant population, surface root distribution, aboveground dry matter accumulation, aboveground total N (TN) accumulation and corn yield were evaluated. High stocking rate and FM increased RP. On the other hand, ST decreased PR and BD and increased ks. Corn yield was higher under ST than under NT, and under HR than under the other grazing strategies. Total N accumulation was higher under HR than under the rest of grazing strategies. Rational grazing management and use of tillage systems on resilient soils could have prevented soil physical properties be affected beyond critical thresholds.Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Aplicación de agroquímicos en cultivos de soja (Glycine max L Merr). Evaluación del efecto de diferentes técnicas sobre la eficiencia de distribución

Soybean production conditions under no-tillage system increases the risk of developing fungal diseases. Field trials were carried out to evaluate application technologies efficiency and spray penetration in different levels of soybean canopy at R4 stage. Conventional flat fan XR110015 (AP), hollow cone 30HCX6 (HC) and air induction 110015 (AI) nozzles and two carrier volumes, 90 l ha-1 (BV) and 130 l ha-1 (AV) were evaluated. Water sensitive cards were placed on artificial supports in the upper (ES), middle (EM) and lower canopy (EI) levels in a randomized block design. Drops density, coverage area, efficiency and volume median diameter were recorded. AV and CH nozzles had significantly higher drops density than AP and AI in the upper side of artificial support at EM and EI levels, but differed only from AI with BV. CH nozzles had lower coverage than AI in EM and EI level with AV carrier and AI at EM level in BV. AI nozzles reach the highest product recovery rate at EM (28,83 – 18,67%) and EI (11,33 - 8,78%) in both AV and BV respectively. All nozzles had a very low efficiency to reach the underside leaves in the middle and lower level of the crop. This could be the reason of poor diseases control in those positions.Las condiciones de producción de soja en siembra directa incrementan los riesgos de enfermedades fúngicas. Se realizaron ensayos para evaluar distintas técnicas de aplicación de fungicidas a un cultivo de soja en elestadio R4. Se contrastaron pastillas de abanico plano XR110015 (AP), de cono hueco 30HCX6 (CH) y abanico plano con aire inducido 110015 (AI) y 2 volúmenes de aplicación: 90 l ha-1 (BV) y 130 l ha-1 (AV) con un diseño en bloques al azar. Se utilizaron tarjetas hidrosensibles dispuestas en el estrato superior (ES), medio (EM) e inferior (EI) del canopeo, sobre soportes artificiales simulando el haz y el envés de las hojas. Se usó el programa CIR1.5 determinando densidad de impactos, diámetro volumétrico mediano, eficiencia y cobertura. Las pastillas CH con AV tuvieron densidad de impactos significativamente mayor que AP y AI sobre el haz en EM y EI pero se diferenció solo de AI con BV. CH tuvo menor cobertura que AI en el EM y en el EI en AV y que AI en el EM en BV. Las pastillas AI registraron la mayor tasa de recuperación de producto en EM (28,83 – 18,67%) y EI (11,33 - 8,78%) y EI tanto en AV como BV. Todas las pastillas tuvieron una baja eficiencia, evaluada a través del número de impactos, área de cobertura y eficiencia de recuperación de la aplicación, para alcanzar el envés de las hojas en los estratos medio e inferior del cultivo, lo cual podría limitar el control de enfermedades en dicha ubicación