16 research outputs found
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Processes and materials used for direct writing technologies: A review
Corrigendum to âProcesses and materials used for direct writing technologies: A reviewâ [Results in Engineering (2021) 11, 100257], 17 November 2021, 100308:
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The authors regret there is an update to Acknowledgments: This work was funded as part of the DiWoCiS project, which has received funding from the Katip Ăelebi-Newton Fund Institutional Links Grants of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey and British Council.
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The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.Direct Writing (DW), also known as Robocasting, is an extrusion-based layer-by-layer manufacturing technique suitable for manufacturing complex geometries. Different types of materials such as metals, composites, ceramics, biomaterials, and shape memory alloys can be used for DW. The simplicity and cost-efficiency of DW makes it convenient for different applications, from biomedical to optics. Recent studies on DW show a tendency towards the development of new materials and applications. This represents the necessity of a deep understanding of the principles and parameters of each technique, material, and process challenge. This review highlights the principles of many DW techniques, the recent advancements in material development, applications, process parameters, and challenges in each DW process. Since the quality of the printed parts by DW highly depend on the material extrusion, the focus of this review is mainly on the ceramic extrusion process and its challenges from rheological and material development point of view. This review delivers an insight into DW processes and the challenges to overcome for development of new materials and applications. The main objective of the review is to deliver necessary information for non-specialist and interdisciplinary researchers.Newton Fund Institutional Links Grants - British Counci
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Corrigendum to âProcesses and materials used for direct writing technologies: A reviewâ [Results in Engineering (2021) 11, 100,257] (Results in Engineering (2021) 11, (S259012302100058X), (10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100257))
Full Text - 10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100257.The authors declare that there is an update to Acknowledgments: This work was funded as part of the DiWoCiS project, which has received funding from the British Council.and Katip Ăelebi-Newton Fund Institutional Links Grants of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.Acknowledgments: This work was funded as part of the DiWoCiS project, which has received funding from the Newton Fund Institutional Links Grants - British Council
Focal bone involvement in inflammatory arthritis: the role of IL17
Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA, such as psoriatic arthritis, PsA, and ankylosing spondylitis, AS) are characterized by an imbalance between osteoclast (OC) bone resorption and osteoblast (OB) bone formation. The two conditions present substantial differences in bone involvement, which is probably related to the different expression of IL17 and TNF\u3b1, two cytokines that strongly promote osteoclastogenesis and focal bone erosions. TNF\u3b1 is the major inflammatory cytokine in RA. It acts by both triggering OC bone erosion via the RANK-RANKL system, and suppressing OB bone formation through the overexpression of DKK1, a powerful inhibitor of the WNT bone anabolic signaling pathway. Differing from TNF\u3b1, IL17 promotes also osteogenesis, particularly at inflamed sites undergoing mechanical stress, such as entheses. Therefore, in RA, where overexpression of TNF\u3b1 is higher than IL17, OC bone resorption largely prevails upon bone formation. In PsA and AS, the prevailing inflammatory cytokine is IL17, which promotes also osteogenesis. Given the prevalent involvement of entheses poor of OC, excess bone formation may even prevail over excess bone resorption. The results of clinical trials support the different pathophysiology of bone involvement in chronic arthritis. Inflammation control through anti-TNF\u3b1 agents has not resulted in incomparable effects on radiographic progression and excess bone formation in both AS and PsA. Clinical trials investigating IL17 inhibitors, such as secukinumab, in patients with psoriatic disease are underway. The preliminary results on inflammation and symptoms appear positive, while long-term studies are required to demonstrate an effect on excess bone formation