PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA AMONG RURAL PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN OF MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

Background: Anaemia continues to be a severe public health nutritional problem in India affecting all physiological groups, even after the National Nutritional Anaemia Prophylaxis Programme has been in operation for more than three decades. Objective: To assess the prevalence of anaemia among rural pre-school (1-5-years) children of Maharashtra. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was carried by National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) covering a total of 404 (Boys-243; Girls-161) pre-school children. Information of socio-demographic particulars was obtained and the finger prick blood samples were collected for the estimation of haemoglobin levels by cyanmethmoglobin method. Results: The result shows that 59.2 % (CI: 54.4-64.0) of the rural pre-school children of Maharashtra were anaemic, and the prevalence was significantly (p<0.001) higher (76.5% with CI: 68.1-84.9) among 1-3-year children as compared to 53.6% in 4-5-year- children. Stepwise Logistic regression analysis also revealed that the risk of anaemia in 1-3-year-age group was three times higher (OR= 2.8; 95% CI: 1.6-4.7). Conclusion: Anaemia was severe public health nutritional problem (>40%) among rural pre-school children of Maharashtra. Therefore, appropriate intervention measures such as supplementary iron & folic acid, periodic deworming and health & nutrition education should be strengthened. The community needs to be encouraged to diversify their diets by consuming iron rich foods

Normal and Oblique Impacts of Hard Projectile on Single and Layered Plates-An Experimental Study

The phenomenon of ordnance velocity impact of projectile on single and layered plates is of interest for many applications. In this paper. an experimental study of normal and oblique impacts or an ogive shaped, hard steel projectile on single and layered plates of mild steel and aluminium is presented. The projectiles were fired at an impact velocity of about 820 ms-1. The plate thickness was varied in the range 10 mm to 40 mm and the ratio of plate thickness to the diameter of the projectile varied in the range 1.5 to 13.0. Observations on target damage and measurements of incident and residual velocities for different angles of impact are presented. Plate thickness t*, for which the incident velocity is the ballistic limit, is determined. Computer simulations were carried out using a hydrodynamic code to simulate the normal impact of a projectile and compared these with the experimental results. Experiments were performed to evaluate the response of these plates of intermediate thickness when layered. and the results were compared to the results of single plate of same total thickness

Differential Ballistic Response of Aramid-Glass Fibre Laminates to Soft and Hard Shots .

Ballistic perfonnance of all-glass, all-aramid and aramid-glass fibre-reinforced phenolic resincomposite laminates has been evaluated against 0.30 in. calibre soft ball and hard armour piercing (AP) bullets. It is observed that mass effective ness of glass fibre phenolic composites against impacts by APbullets can be improved by aramid fibre'reinforcement in the back of laminate. The perfonnance of a ramid phenolic composites against ball ammunition can be improved by hybridisation with glass fibre reinforcement at the front

Constraints and strategies of smallholder farmers for successful protected cultivation of capsicum: A critical appraisal

The study was framed to assess the challenges/constraints in protected cultivation of capsicum by small holder farmers in Karnataka state, India and provide strategies for sustained profitability. Ex-post-facto research design was followed for conducting study in three districts (Bangalore Rural, Bangalore Urban and Chickballapur) of Karnataka. From each district, 50 smallholders capsicum cultivation farmers under protected cultivation were selected through purposive random sampling, constituting 150 respondents. Garrett’s ranking technique was adopted to analyse the constraints faced by the farmers in the study area. The various constraints experienced by the farmers were broadly grouped in to production constraints, market constraints, financial constraints, technological constraints, institutional constraints, weather-based constraints, health and labour constraints. These finding demonstrated urgent need to intervene towards the constraints experienced by the smallholder capsicum grows under protected cultivation, which not only ensures to get stable income but also sustain their livelihoods

Male breast cancer with neurofibromatosis- a rare presentation

Neurofibromatosis (NF-1) was formerly known as Von Recklinghausen’s disease after the researcher (Friedrich Daniel Von Recklinghausen) who first documented the disorder. Patient with Neurofibromatosis type 1 have a higher risk of developing various type of cancers, especially tumors derived from embryo genic neural crest

Evaluation of chloride absorption in preconditioned concrete cubes

The chloride contamination will occur from the application of de-icing salts. It was confirmed that the application of de-icing salts caused a significant reduction in structural and serviceability reliabilities. The chemicals used in the snow and ice control operations (de-icers) may cause corrosion damage to the transportation infrastructure such as reinforced/pre-stressed concrete structures and steel bridges. There are many ways to manage the corrosive effects of de-icers, such as selection of high-quality concrete, adequate concrete cover and alternative reinforcement, control of the ingress and accumulation of deleterious species, injection of beneficial species into concrete, and use of non-corrosive de-icer alternatives and optimal application rates. In fact, snow and ice on streets and highways are a major threat to human life and limb. Traffic accidents and fatalities climb as snow and ice reduce traction on roadways. Lengthened emergency response times create additional risks for persons in urgent need of medical care, particularly in cases of heart attacks, burns, childbirth and poisoning. Thus the de-icing salts are necessary to provide safe winter driving conditions and save lives by preventing the freezing of a layer of ice on concrete infrastructure. However, the safety and sense of comfort provided by these salts is not without a price, as these salts can greatly contribute to the degradation and decay of reinforced concrete transportation systems. The importance of chloride concentration as a durability-based material property has received greater attention only after the revelation that chloride-induced corrosion is the major problem for concrete durability. Therefore, there is a need to quantify the chloride concentration in concrete which is of paramount importance. The present research work was made an attempt to interpret the concrete chloride absorption in ordered to characterize the different concrete mixtures design for in case of pre-conditioned concrete cubes such as dry/fully/partially saturated condition and salt ponded with chloride solution for about 160 days. Thus the objectives of this present research are such as: First, this research will examine the influence of conditioning such as dry/fully/partially saturated condition on the results of chloride concentration performed on concrete cubes with different mixtures proportion in which slump, and w/c ratio value was varied with constant compressive strength as in the First case and compressive strength, and w/c ratio value varied with constant slump as in the Second case. Seventy-two concrete cubes (100 mm3 ) with Grades of concrete ranges from 25 to 40 N/mm2 were prepared and evaluate the chloride absorption under different exposure condition. It’s concluded from the results that, in dry/saturated conditioned concrete cubes, the chloride absorption value was increased in all designed mixtures type. Similarly, the average chloride concentration was decreased in solvent based and water based impregnation DCC/PSC/FSC cubes as when compared to control DCC/PSC/FSC cubes for constant higher compressive strength and varied slump value as well as varied compressive strength and constant slump value. Whereas the average chloride absorption was increased in solvent based and water based impregnation DCC/PSC/FSC cubes for lesser compressive strength and constant slump value as when compared to constant higher compressive strength and varied slump value and the chloride concentration was going on decreases with increased compressive strength and constant slump value

Prevalence of Pulpectomy In Mandibular First Primary Molar with Occlusal Caries

 The aim of this present study was to evaluate the pulpectomy procedure in mandibular first primary molars with occlusal caries in the Chennai population visiting the Outpatient Department of Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai based on their gender and age. A total of 199 patients details aged between 4 and 11 years old obtained from patients records to assess pulpectomy treatment done with occlusal caries involved, with their gender and age. Data analysis was done with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows (version 20). Chi-square test was used to determine the association of occurrence pulpectomy with occlusal caries involvement in a mandibular first primary molar, gender, and age. In this present study, the prevalence of male patients was 55.78% and for females was 44.22% Males patients more prevalent for pulpectomy due to occlusal caries. Patients in the age group between 4 to 5 years old have a higher prevalence (54.77%). The most prominent teeth number affected by occlusal caries was right mandibular first primary molar-84, with 52.76% prevalence. Association between the tooth number and age of the patient. P-value=0.917, (P>0.05), association between the tooth number and the gender of the patients, P-value=0.942, (P>0.05), both of which are statistically not significant. There is no significant association between gender , age and the tooth number that was treated with pulpectomy. Within this limit of this study, this study showed that the prevalence of pulpectomy in mandibular first primary molars due to occlusal caries was more in males than females, and higher incidence for age between 4 and 5 years old, with the most affected tooth was on the right sid