Trench layering using indole-3-butyric acid and local organic substrate mixtures to enhance rooting and survival of apple rootstocks

Apples ( Malus domestica ) were introduced to enhance nutrition and improve livelihoods of famers in highlands of Uganda. However, adoption and commercialisation of apples is largely constrained by low quality rootstocks due to poor rooting and low survivability. This study determined the effect of organic substrate mixtures (OSM) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on rooting, sprouting and survival characteristics of apple rootstocks propagated by trench layering. Four apple rootstock varieties (M106, M109, MM793 and bitten-felder) were planted in OSM (Site soil as control, TsaOm and TsdOm) then treated with IBA concentrations (IBA-0 ppm, IBA-4000 ppm and IBA-8000 ppm) in a factorial randomised block design with three replications. Results showed significant (P<0.001) variability among rootstocks for all characters. OSM significantly (P<0.01) increased rooting, root numbers and root length while IBA significantly (P<0.01) increased all traits, except rooting. The highest rooting (46.7%), root numbers (23.1) and root length (14.9cm), and sprout length (59.5cm) were obtained in bitten felder under TsaOm + IBA-4000ppm, TsaOm, and TsdOm, respectively. For M106, maximum rooting (28.1%) and root numbers (22.3) were obtained under TsaOm + IBA-8000ppm while root (14.3cm) and sprout (35.2cm) lengths under TsdOm. TsaOm gave the highest root numbers (14.2), root (12.8cm) and sprout (30.7cm) lengths in M109 likewise root (7.8cm) and sprout (38.3cm) lengths in MM793. Logistic regression revealed that rooting, sprout length, and IBA-4000ppm significantly (P<0.01) increased survival of apple rootstocks. The highest survival rates in bitten felder and M106 were 52.4% and 51.7% under TsdOm + IBA-4000 ppm and TsdOm + IBA-8000 ppm respectively; likewise 49.5% in M109 and 51.7% in MM793 both treated with IBA-8000 ppm. The results demonstrate that trench layering with OSM and IBA improves rooting and survival of apple rootstocks which might improve farmers\u2019 access to quality apple planting material.Les pommes ( Malus domestica ) \ue9taient introduites pour renforcer la nutrition et am\ue9liorer le niveau de vie des producteurs dans les r\ue9gions montagneuses d\u2019Ouganda. Toutefois, l\u2019adoption et la commercialisation des pommes sont largement limit\ue9es par la faible qualit\ue9 des porte-greffes \ue0 cause du pauvre enracinement et la faible capacit\ue9 de survie. Cette \ue9tude visait \ue0 d\ue9terminer l\u2019effet des m\ue9langes du substrat organique (OSM) et l\u2019acide indole-3-butyrique (IBA) sur l\u2019enracinement, la germination et les caract\ue9ristiques de survie des porte-greffes de la pomme propag\ue9e par le marcottage de tranch\ue9e. Quatre portes greffes des vari\ue9t\ue9s de pomme (M106, M109, MM793 et bitten-felder) \ue9taient plant\ue9es dans l\u2019OSM (site de sol servant de contr\uf4le, TsaOm et TSdOm) et trait\ue9e avec diff\ue9rentes concentrations de l\u2019IBA (IBA-0 ppm, IBA-4000 ppm et IBA-8000 ppm) dans un design factoriel \ue0 blocks compl\ue8tement al\ue9atoires avec trois r\ue9plications. Les r\ue9sultats ont montr\ue9 de variabilit\ue9 significative (P<0,001) entre les porte-greffes des vari\ue9t\ue9s pour tous les caract\ue8res. OSM significativement (P<0.01) a fait accro\ueetre l\u2019enracinement, le nombre de racines et la longueur de la racine; alors que IBA a augment\ue9 significativement (P<0.001) tous les traits, sauf l\u2019enracinement. Les plus grandes valeurs des caract\ue8res \ue0 savoir\ua0; l\u2019enracinement (46,7%), le nombre de racines (23,1), la longueur des racines (14,9 cm), et la longueur des pousses (59,5cm) \ue9taient obtenues sur bitten felder sous TsaOm + IBA-4000ppm, TsaOm, et TsdOm, respectivement. Pour M106, les valeurs maximales de l\u2019enracinement (28,1%) et de nombre de racines (22.3) \ue9taient obtenues sous TsaOm + IBA-8000ppm alors que les valeurs maximales de la longueur des racines (14,3 cm) et des pousses (35,2 cm) sous TsdOM. TsaOm ont donn\ue9 le plus grand nombre de racines (14,2), la plus grande longueur des racines (12,8 cm) et de pousses (30,7 cm) dans M109 pareillement \ue0 la longueur des racines (7,8 cm) et de pousses (38,3 cm) dans MM793. La r\ue9gression logistique a r\ue9v\ue9l\ue9 que l\u2019enracinement, la longueur de la pousse et IBA-400ppm ont augment\ue9 significativement (P<0,01) la survie des porte-greffes de la pomme. Les plus forts taux de survies sur le bitten felder et M106 \ue9taient 52,4% et 51,7% sous TsdOm+IBA-4000 ppm et TsdOm+IBA-8000 ppm, respectivement\ua0; de m\ueame 49,5% ont \ue9t\ue9 obtenus sur M109 et 51,7% sur MM793 tous trait\ue9s avec IBA-8000 ppm. Les r\ue9sultats ont d\ue9montr\ue9 que le marcottage de tranch\ue9e avec OSM et IBA am\ue9liore l\u2019racinement et la survie des porte-greffes qui pourrait am\ue9liorer l\u2019acc\ue8s des producteurs \ue0 des mat\ue9riels de plantation de pomme de qualit\ue9

Copper II and Cobalt II Complexes Based on Abietate Ligands from Pinus Resin Synthesis, Characterization and Their Antibacterial and Antiviral Activity against SARS CoV 2

Co abietate and Cu abietate complexes were obtained by a low cost and eco friendly route. The synthesis process used Pinus elliottii resin and an aqueous solution of CuSO4 CoSO4 at a mild temperature 80 amp;deg;C without organic solvents. The obtained complexes are functional pigments for commercial architectural paints with antipathogenic activity. The pigments were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR , mass spectrometry MS , thermogravimetry TG , near edge X ray absorption fine structure NEXAFS , X ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS , scanning electron microscopy SEM , and colorimetric analysis. In addition, the antibacterial efficiency was evaluated using the minimum inhibitory concentration MIC test, and the antiviral tests followed an adaptation of the ISO 21702 2019 guideline. Finally, virus inactivation was measured using the RT PCR protocol using 10 w w of abietate complex in commercial white paint. The Co abietate and Cu abietate showed inactivation of amp;gt;4 log against SARS CoV 2 and a MIC value of 4.50 amp;micro;g amp;middot;mL amp;minus;1 against both bacteria Staphylococcus aureus S. aureus and Escherichia coli E. coli . The results suggest that the obtained Co abietate and Cu abietate complexes could be applied as pigments in architectural paints for healthcare centers, homes, and public place

Interference-free determination of ultra-trace concentrations of arsenic and selenium using methyl fluoride as a reaction gas in ICP-MS/MS

Interference-free conditions, allowing straightforward As and Se determination, can be obtained by using CH3F (a mixture of 10 % CH3F and 90 % He) as a reaction gas in tandem ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS). Both target elements react via CH3F addition and subsequent HF elimination, rendering AsCH2 (+) and SeCH2 (+) the respective favored reaction product ions. Instrumental limits of detection were 0.2 ng L-1 for As and below 10 ng L-1 for Se, using either Se-77, Se-78, or Se-80. Neither addition of carbon to the solutions, nor admixing of additional He into the octopole reaction cell resulted in a further improvement of the LoDs, despite the increase in analyte signal intensity. By using synthetic matrices, containing elements giving rise to ions interfering at either the original mass-to-charge ratios or those of the reaction products, absence of spectral overlap could be demonstrated. This conclusion was corroborated by successful As and Se determination in a collection of reference materials from plant, animal, or environmental origin, displaying a considerable range of As and Se contents. These accurate results were obtained via external calibration using Te as an internal standard. The high efficiency reaction between As and CH3F and the possibility to use the major isotope of Se provides enhanced detection power versus other techniques, such as sector-field ICP-mass spectrometry, while the possibility to monitor at least three Se isotopes interference-free also enables isotopic analysis