FORMULATION DOSAGE FORM OF TABLET CONTAINING KEPEL LEAF EXTRACT (Stelechocarpus burahol (Blume) Hook.f & Thomson) AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

Pharmaceutical dosage form that contains herbal materials has been developed in order to make it easy to consume. Tablet is one of pharmaceutical dosage form that generally used. A formulation and antimicrobial test of tablet containing extract of Kepel leaf with different concentration of diluents, binders, and disintegrants has been studied. The evaluation test showed that formulation consist of  25 % of Kepel leaf extract, 64.5 % of avicel PH 102, 2 % of PVP, 7 % of amprotab, 0.5 % of aerosil, and 1 % of talcum are better than the others. The experimental method used in this study was wet granulation. From the result of the mass granulation evaluation, it was obtain that speed flow without vibration was 2.53 second, with vibration was 2.83 second, bulk density was 0.329 g/mL, taped density was 0.376 g/mL and compressibility was 12.65 %. The result of tablet evaluation obtained that the average weight was 498 mg, with the average hardness was 4 kg/cm2 and disintegration time was 2.36 minutes. Antimicrobial test showed that in the concentration of 50 mg/mL, had average inhibitory diameter against S. aureus of 12.96 mm, P. aeruginosa 12.7 mm, and against B. subtilis was 12.53 mm. Whereas, concentration of 62.5 mg/mL had average inhibitory diameter against S. aureus was 13.5 mm, P. aeruginosa was 13.56 mm, and against B. subtilis was 13.43 mm. Both concentrations did not have antimicrobial activity against E.coli.

VALIDATION METHOD OF ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRY DETERMINATION OF CONTENT IN AMBROXOL HCl TABLET

Ambroxol Hydrochloride (Ambroxol HCI) is one of mucolytic drugs that is commonly used to dilute thesecretion within the respiratory tract. This process is completed by lowering the viscosity of mucopolysaccharides, in which its characteristic which is mucolytic within the respiratory tract. This research aims to conduct a validation of the UV spectrophotometry method in determining the level of ambroxol HCI in tablets. This methos is also used to obtain the level of amboxol HCI in tablets that are available in the market. The parameters of the validation are accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of qualification (LOQ). The samples of ambroxol HCI was consisted of one (1)generic tablet and five (5) from branded tablets from the market. The results of the validation tested gave an accuracy of 99.58% in recovery percentage and Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of 1.14%. These results showed that this method gave good precision and exactness, with the limit of detection (LOD) 0,1505 µg/ml andlimit of quantification (LOQ) 0,5018 µg/ml. These numbers are obtained from tablets with brands namely Lapimuc® (PT. Lapi) with its level of ambroxol HCI of 99,71 ± 0,64%; Epexol® (PT. Sanbe) with levels of ambroxol HCI of 99,78 ± 0,52%; Mucera® (PT. Otto) with levels of ambroxol HCI of 99,76 ± 0,5239%; Mucos® (PT. Meprofarm) with levels of ambroxol HCI of 99,8 ± 0,75%; Mucopect® (PT. Boehringer Ingelheim) with levels of ambroxol HCI of99,5 ± 0,70%; and finally a generic tablet with the of ambroxolHCl( PT. Phapros) of 99,6 ± 0,59%. All tablets used within this research have conform to the general levels of amboxol HCI in a tablet which is not less than 90.0% and not more that 110% from the number written in the regulation

VALIDATION METHOD OF ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROPHOTOMETRY DETERMINATION OF CONTENT IN AMBROXOL HCl TABLET

Ambroxol Hydrochloride (Ambroxol HCI) is one of mucolytic drugs that is commonly used to dilute thesecretion within the respiratory tract. This process is completed by lowering the viscosity of mucopolysaccharides, in which its characteristic which is mucolytic within the respiratory tract. This research aims to conduct a validation of the UV spectrophotometry method in determining the level of ambroxol HCI in tablets. This methos is also used to obtain the level of amboxol HCI in tablets that are available in the market. The parameters of the validation are accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of qualification (LOQ). The samples of ambroxol HCI was consisted of one (1)generic tablet and five (5) from branded tablets from the market. The results of the validation tested gave an accuracy of 99.58% in recovery percentage and Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of 1.14%. These results showed that this method gave good precision and exactness, with the limit of detection (LOD) 0,1505 µg/ml andlimit of quantification (LOQ) 0,5018 µg/ml. These numbers are obtained from tablets with brands namely Lapimuc® (PT. Lapi) with its level of ambroxol HCI of 99,71 ± 0,64%; Epexol® (PT. Sanbe) with levels of ambroxol HCI of 99,78 ± 0,52%; Mucera® (PT. Otto) with levels of ambroxol HCI of 99,76 ± 0,5239%; Mucos® (PT. Meprofarm) with levels of ambroxol HCI of 99,8 ± 0,75%; Mucopect® (PT. Boehringer Ingelheim) with levels of ambroxol HCI of99,5 ± 0,70%; and finally a generic tablet with the of ambroxolHCl( PT. Phapros) of 99,6 ± 0,59%. All tablets used within this research have conform to the general levels of amboxol HCI in a tablet which is not less than 90.0% and not more that 110% from the number written in the regulation

Potential side effects of medicine on patients with tuberculosis fixed-dose combination in dr. Pirngadi Hospital, Medan

Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which by only using a few new antibiotics, can kill the bacteria. Tuberculosis treatment has several stages, namely intensive and advanced stages. Compliance with the use of OAT is an imported factor in the success of TB treatment. The use of many drugs can cause side effects that result in patients stopping treatment when it creates the TB treatment process to fail. Improved adherence can do by using a fixed-dose combination OAT. In the intensive phase, the patient will get a fixed-dose combination containing a mixture of four antibiotics. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential side effects that occur during fixed-dose combination OAT treatment at an intensive stage and see the level of compliance of patients taking TB drugs. Observational sampling in TB patients was taking OAT at an acute stage by looking at side effects that arise during treatment and then analyzed using statistics and algorithm Naranjo. The results showed the most common potential side effects for fixed-dose combination OAT in the intensive stage were itching, headache and nausea with a percentage of 72% each, joint pain 45%, stomach pain 36.4%, lack of appetite and rashes 27.3% each and reddish color in the urine 18.2%. The results of the analysis using Naranjo logarithm obtained results eight, which means the side effects might cause due to the use of the drug. The results of patient compliance achieved a 100% compliance rat

CORRELATION BETWEEN ADHERENCE OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS USE AND BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL IN PATIENTS WITH ESRD UNDERGOING HEMODIALYSIS

Antihypertensive therapy used in patients with End-Stage Renal Disease undergoing hemodialysis is objected to decrease mortality related to ESRD complications. Nonadherence to antihypertensive therapy can lead to uncontrolled blood pressure. This study aims to determine the level of adherence to antihypertensive drugs and its correlation to blood pressure control in ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis. It was an observational analytic study based on the cross-sectional method. Sixty  person subjects were involved using the quota sampling technique. The level of adherence was examined using the Modified Morisky Scale questionnaire. Blood pressure data were obtained from mean values of respectively pre, during, and post-hemodialysis blood pressure within four hemodialysis visitations. The data was examined bivariately using the Chi-square test with a 95% confidence interval. The results show most patients have high level of adherence to antihypertensive treatments (55%) yet have uncontrolled levels of blood pressure (95%). The Chi-square analysis found there is no significant relationship between the level of adherence to antihypertensive therapy and the average blood pressure level of ESRD patients who undergo hemodialysis (p-value 0,301). This finding suggests a consideration in monitoring the effectivity of hypertension management that adherence is not a single significant factor affecting the successfulness of medication

COMPARISON OF CHITOSAN FROM CRAB SHELL WASTE AND SHRIMP SHELL WASTE AS NATURAL ADSORBENT AGAINST HEAVY METALS AND DYES

Objective: Crustacean shell waste is not currently used to its full potential. Most waste from crustaceans used in food pollutes the environment. Widely found in crab shell waste and shrimp shell waste, chitosan is a modification of chitin compounds. This study aims to utilize crustacean shell waste (crab shell waste and shrimp shell waste) as a natural adsorbent against heavy metals and dyes in the form of chitosan. Methods: This study includes the steps of extracting chitosan from crab shell waste and shrimp shell waste, followed by adsorption capacity tests against heavy metals (mercury and arsenic) and dyes (tartrazine and amaranth). Results: Chitosan sourced from both crab shell waste and shrimp shell waste met the physical and chemical characteristic requirements, and the yield was 28.19% and 18.33%, respectively. The adsorption capacity against heavy metals and dyes from crab shell waste chitosan ranged from 43.4% to 55.6% and the shrimp shell waste chitosan ranged from 50.8% to 60.2%. Conclusion: Crustacean shell waste can be processed into chitosan, which is valuable and can be used as a natural adsorbent against heavy metals and dyes for wastewater treatment in several industrial sectors

EFFECT OF HESPERETIN TREATMENT ON BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL, SPERMATOZOA QUALITY, AND SPERMATOZOA QUANTITY IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC MICE

Male infertility has occurred rapidly in the last few decades, primarily in developing countries. An antioxidant, hesperetin is a flavonoid that is found in abundance in orange peels. The aims of this research were to determine the effect of hesperetin on blood sugar levels, spermatozoaquality, and spermatozoa quantity. The research structure included induction of diabetes mellitus and treatment for 8 weeks, followed bydetermination of blood sugar levels, spermatozoa quality, and spermatozoa quantity. Hesperetin has the ability to restore blood sugar levels, spermatozoa quantity, seminiferous tubules diameter, and testicular weight, volume, and germinal epithelial layer thickness with significant difference from the normal control group. Hesperetin did not fully restore spermatozoa motility, viability, and morphology with significant difference from the normal control group, nor from the positive control group. However, overall, hesperetin decreased blood glucose levels, increased spermatozoa quantity, and improved the spermatozoa quality in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus mice. Dose-dependent activity was observed with the optimum dose at 200 mg/kg body weight

Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry Method for Analysis of Metformin Hydrochloride in Marketed Tablet Dosage Form

The first line drug given for monotherapy for diabetes mellitus type 2 is metformin hydrochloride, which is a biguanide antihyperglycemic drug. The aim of this research was to develop, validate, and apply the Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometry method to identify and determine metformin hydrochloride in marketed tablet dosage form. This research included preparation of standard, analysis of samples, and validation of method. The specific wavenumber obtained for qualitative analysis was 1645.68 cm–1 and 1574.8 cm–1. The specific area obtained for quantitative analysis with a single baseline ranged from 1701.53 cm–1 to 1535.66 cm–1. All metformin hydrochloride marketed tablet dosage forms were analyzed and met all of the qualitative and quantitative requirements. The methods met the requirements of method validation for accuracy with a percentage of recovery of 100.22 %, precision with relative standard deviation of 0.48 %, linearity with a correlation coefficient of 0.9992, limit of detection of 11.17 mg per mL, limit of quantitation of 33.84 mg per mL, and good specificity results. In this study, the Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometry method was successfully developed and validated for application in identification and determination of metformin hydrochloride in marketed tablet dosage form

Validation of the Developed Zero-Order Infrared Spectrophotometry Method for Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Tranexamic Acid in Marketed Tablets

(1) Background: The functional groups present in tranexamic acid allow direct infrared detection analysis. This study aimed to develop, apply, and validate an infrared spectrophotometry method used for qualitative and quantitative analyses of tranexamic acid in marketed tablets. (2) Methods: This was a descriptive observational study that consisted of several stages: determining the specific wavenumber for analysis, obtaining a simple linear regression equation, analyzing tranexamic acid both qualitatively and quantitatively, and validating the developed method for routine analysis. (3) Results: The peak analysis obtained a range of baseline wavenumbers from 1679.17 to 1295.25 cm−1. The regression equation obtained was Y = 310.8527 × X + 0.9718, and the coefficient of determination (R2) obtained was 0.9994. The tranexamic acids in marketed tablets overall have a similarity index value of more than 0.90 and overall have levels ranging between 97.0% and 103.0%. The infrared spectrophotometry method that was successfully developed, applied, and validated for qualitative and quantitative analyses of tranexamic acid in marketed tablets meets the requirements both qualitatively and quantitatively of the tablet monograph. (4) Conclusions: The infrared spectrophotometry method has been validated and meets the requirements for accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, range, and specificity

Validation of the Developed Zero-Order Infrared Spectrophotometry Method for Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Tranexamic Acid in Marketed Tablets

(1) Background: The functional groups present in tranexamic acid allow direct infrared detection analysis. This study aimed to develop, apply, and validate an infrared spectrophotometry method used for qualitative and quantitative analyses of tranexamic acid in marketed tablets. (2) Methods: This was a descriptive observational study that consisted of several stages: determining the specific wavenumber for analysis, obtaining a simple linear regression equation, analyzing tranexamic acid both qualitatively and quantitatively, and validating the developed method for routine analysis. (3) Results: The peak analysis obtained a range of baseline wavenumbers from 1679.17 to 1295.25 cm−1. The regression equation obtained was Y = 310.8527 × X + 0.9718, and the coefficient of determination (R2) obtained was 0.9994. The tranexamic acids in marketed tablets overall have a similarity index value of more than 0.90 and overall have levels ranging between 97.0% and 103.0%. The infrared spectrophotometry method that was successfully developed, applied, and validated for qualitative and quantitative analyses of tranexamic acid in marketed tablets meets the requirements both qualitatively and quantitatively of the tablet monograph. (4) Conclusions: The infrared spectrophotometry method has been validated and meets the requirements for accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, range, and specificity