Universal Financial Crisis and Association of Southeast Asian Nations CO2 Emission

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) includes 10 nations in Southeast Asia. Its population is approximately 600 million people with combined nominal GDP had grown to more than US$ 2.3 trillion, almost equal to the eighth largest economy in the world. Many strong economies worldwide suffered from the global financial crisis (GFC) in 2008 which resulted dipping in global CO2 emission. This study surveyed the consumption trend of petrol, coal, and natural gas as main carbon emissions in all 10 countries from 2002 to 2012. Economic growth and its effect on CO2 emission were illustrated. Although the effect of global financial economy varies in the different selected economies, the trend of CO2 emission was not dependent on gross domestic production (GDP) changes. In contrast to global emission, the 2008 GFC and the decrease in GDP did not result in the reduction of CO2 emission among ASEAN members. Keywords: CO2 emission, Major Asian Countries (MAC), Gross Domestic Production (GDP), Global Financial Crisis (GFC) JEL Classifications: F64, G01, Q

Asian and Global Financial Crises' Effect on Malaysia Co2 Emission

Malaysian economy has experienced two financial crises in less than 12 years. The Asian financial crisis started in Thailand on July 1997, which intensively affected the Malaysian Ringgit within days. The rate of the Malaysian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) dropped to -7.36 at its nadir in 1998. In 2008, the global financial crisis hit Western countries and rapidly affected the economic growth of Malaysia. The GDP growth decreased by 0.1% in the last quarter of 2008, and reached -1.51 in a particular situation in 2009. Through a qualitative analysis, this paper investigates the CO2 emission during these financial crises by focusing on three main fuel CO2 emission, namely, coal, natural gas, and petroleum. This study shows that the rate of CO2 emission growth in Malaysia decreased despite the negative GDP during both crises, but the carbon emission trend did not decline. Keywords: CO2 emission, gross domestic product (GDP), global financial crisis (GFC), Asian financial crisis (AFC) JEL Classifications: G01, Q4

Surveying sources of economic growth: empirical evidence from Malaysia

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of various economic and social factors namely (foreign direct investment (FDI), energy consumption, exports, tourism, foreign remittances, human capital represented by educational expenditure and health expenditure) on economic growth represented by GDP per capita in Malaysia. Annual time series data during the period 1995–2015 and the Cobb-Douglas production function with Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) based on various analytical tests are used for empirical investigation. The empirical results confirm that incoming foreign direct investment, human capital, energy consumption, and tourism are the main sources of economic growth in Malaysia during the period under study. Findings of the study suggest to initiate a motivational promotion for the inhabitant towards utilization of high competence technology, constructing solid policy for export promotion, creating conducive environment for inward foreign investment, introducing effective educational and health policies for further enhancement of the pace of economic growth

A Review on Carbon Emissions in Malaysian Cement Industry

Cement production is an energy and carbon-intensive process. Hence, they are a noteworthy contributor to global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The cement industry has always been among the greatest CO2 discharge sources with 900 kg CO2 released with each production ton of cement. Malaysia massive amount of biogenic wastes, palms oil fuel ash, rice husk ash, sawdust ash/ash from timber. Around 0.3 million ton of palm oil fuel ash is produced every year in Malaysia, yet there are no noteworthy employments uses of these ashes. Disregarding Malaysia technical and financial benefits, till date these ashes, are only used for landfill purposes. Excessively dependent on this energy will lead to an expansion in CO2 emission that consequently responsible for the global warming. Researchers discover by substituting fossil fuels with alternative fuels will lead to lessening in carbon dioxide emissions. Hence, we suggest that by eliminating legal, economic obstructions, CO2 mitigation strategies can be applied on the extensive scale of the cement industry to a globally acceptable emission targets in each nation. Furthermore, the relatively small number of participants signifies that an agreement for the cement market in Malaysia can probably be reached easily between the parties in decreasing CO2 emissions. Keywords: Carbon Emission, Cement Industry, Energy Consumption JEL Classifications: Q01, Q53, Q5

Global declarations on electric vehicles, carbon life cycle and Nash equilibrium

Universal environmental policies adopt strategies that enhance and encourage the production and usage of electric vehicles (EVs). Universal cooperation is evident in the framework of agreements or protocols so as to successfully lead countries towards the predetermined goals. The question is whether this trend can reduce global warming or CO2 emissions worldwide. By adopting game theory, this study analyses electricity carbon life cycle in leading EV countries. Results show that although the spread of EVs in Europe and the USA can mitigate carbon emissions, the production and use of electric vehicles in some countries, such as China and India, become a new source of such emissions. This reverse effect is due to the emission of greenhouse gases from electricity sources in these countries. Game theory also suggests that countries with unclean electricity sources should reconsider their plans to produce and use EVs. This study confirms that although carbon emission and global warming are global problems, regional and local policies can be substituted with a single comprehensive approach for an effective means of CO2 emission reduction

Investigating the role of tourism in economic growth: empirical evidence from Pakistan

Introduction. This study aims to explore the impact of tourism along with some other regressors, namely labor force, official development assistance, local investment, and inflation rate on the economic growth rate of the developing country of Pakistan. Material and Methods. We used annual time series data over the period from 1980 to 2018 for empirical analysis. Based on the order of integration of data, we employed an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. Results. Empirical results vindicated a positive relationship between tourism and growth. The official development assistance and inflation rate have shown significantly negative impacts on the economic growth of Pakistan, whereas domestic investment has shown an insignif-icantly positive impact on the economic growth. Conclusions. The empirical findings exhibit that tourism plays a key role in the process of economic growth and development of Pakistan. The study recommends that the management authorities should implement appropriate policies to attract more tourists to improve economic growth of Pakistan. Furthermore, sincere efforts are required to ensure macroeconomic stability through controlling inflation, avoiding reception of foreign aid, and encourag-ing global investment

Experimental and theoretical investigations of the impact localization of a passive smart composite plate fabricated using piezoelectric materials

Two passive smart composite plates are fabricated using one and two PZT patches that are cheaper than the PZT wafer. The composite plate is fabricated in low temperature through the hand lay-up method to avoid PZT patch decoupling and wire spoiling. The locus of the impact point is identified using the output voltage to identify the impact location using one sensor. The output voltages of the sensors are analyzed to identify the impact location using two sensors. The locations of the impacts are determined based on the crossing points of two circles and the origin of an intended Cartesian coordinate system that is concentric with one of the sensors. This study proposes the impact location identification of the passive smart composite using the low-cost PZT patch PIC155 instead of common embedded materials (wafer and element piezoelectric)

Effect of pH on the synthesis of Cuo nanosheets by quick precipitation method

In this paper, copper oxide nanosheets were successfully fabricated in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) via a quick precipitation method. The synthesized CuO nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis of X-ray, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The effect of pH on the final product was investigated. The results show that a higher volume ratio of NaOH results in well-defined CuO nanosheets. XRD results confirmed the formation of pure CuO with a monoclinic structure at higher pH, whereas gerhardtite was formed at lower pH. TEM results indicate that sheet-like CuO were formed at higher pH. FT-IR results show that C=O in PVP coordinated with CuO and formed a protection layer. The generation of CuO nanostructures was proven by UV-vis spectroscopy. The mechanism of the reaction was also discussed

The Outcome of Minimally Invasive Discectomy in Single Level Lumbar Disc Prolapse

Abstract Lumbar disc surgery in carefully selected patients who have failed conservative treatments can significantly improve quality of life. Minimally invasive treatment of lumbar disc herniation has been popularized in recent years. The aim of the study was to assess the outcome of minimal invasive (loupe) discectomy among lumbar disc prolapse patients in Sulaimani. A prospective study carried out in Shar and Sulaimani Teaching hospitals in Sulaimani city for period from 1 st of February, 2013 to end of June, 2014 on sample of 30 patients with single level lumbar disc prolapse admitted to orthopedic units. The data were collected by the researcher through direct interview and filling a prepared questionnaire. The outcome of surgery was evaluated by comparing the symptoms (back pain, leg pain, and leg parathesia) and the muscle power grading (EHL & FHL) of the patients pre-and post-operatively. Mean age of studied patients was 39.1 ± 9.3 years. Males were more than females. Disc prolapse level was L4-L5 among 17 and L5-S1 among 13 patients. Studying the symptoms pre-and post-operatively, revealed significant decrease in leg pain, leg parathesia and back pain post-operatively (p < 0.001). Studying EHL & FHL power grading preand post-operatively, revealed significant increase in muscle power grades 4 and grade 5 postoperatively (p < 0.001). We concluded that minimal invasive discectomy is good and safe treatment option for lumbar disc prolapse