The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in improving symptoms of children with chronic tic disorder

Background: The Chronic tic disorder is a single tic or several sudden tics that continue several times a day for more than a year and it can be simple or complex. ​​Children with tic disorder stigmatized and consider the judgment of others very much, which could impair their quality of life. The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in improving the symptoms of children with chronic tic disorder. Method: This research was a single case type A-B-A with multiple baseline design and follow-up. The study   population was 10–13-year-old boys with tic disorder who referred to Astan-e-Mehr Psychiatric Clinic in Mashhad in 2018-2019. Sampling was done through purposive sampling method in which three cases (one with simple and two with complex tic disrder) were selected using a clinical interview by a clinical psychologist. The subjects responded to the Global Tic Severity Scale in baseline situations, intervention sessions, and one month after the intervention. The CBT was performed in 14 sessions. Data analysis was performed using trend chart method and the effect size. Results: The results of each subject showed a significant difference between the intervention position and baseline for three subjects with paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) 100% for subject number one, 78% for subject number two and 86% for subject number three. Also, in the follow-up situations, the performance of all subjects was maintained., Conclusion: the CBT could be effective in improving the symptoms of children with chronic tic disorder

Comparative study of cognitive factors in obsessive- compulsive, generalized anxiety, and major depression disorders

Background and aims: With attention to considered various cognitive factors in psychopathology of obsessive- compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, the aim of this study was comparison of Thought Action Fusion (TAF), responsibility and the overestimation of threat (RT), and over importance and Control Thoughts (ICT), Perfectionism and The Intolerance of Uncertainty (PC) cognitive beliefs in Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Major Depression Disorder (MDD) and normal group to more clarification psychopathology of these disorders. Methods: This study is causal-comparative research. The clinical samples include patients referred from January to June 2016 to Sari Shahid Zareh hospital in this regard. From each of these groups, 30 individuals were selected from hospitals and clinics of Sari and 30 individuals were selected accomplish obsessive beliefs questionnaire and thought action fusion scale. Data were analyzed by MANOVA. Results: The results of MANOVA and Tukey posthoc test showed that OCD group was significantly higher than other groups in TAF, RT and ICT (P0.086). Also, the results showed that all of these cognitive beliefs OCD and GAD groups were significantly higher than depression and normal groups (P<0.001). Conclusion: According to these results, it seems that TAF, RT and ICT are more specific for OCD, but about PC there isn’t this specialty and it is common cognitive vulnerability in OCD and GAD

Correlation between Early Maladaptive Schemas with Automatic Negative Thoughts and Health Anxiety among School Students

Although health anxiety is a rare type of anxiety in adolescents and children, it has a negative impact on their mental health. Health anxiety refers to worries and fears about one’s health and physical sensations. The current study aimed to examine the correlation of early maladaptive schemas with automatic negative thoughts and health anxiety in school students.This correlational research was conducted in 2022 in Tabriz, Iran. The participants were 200 students recruited through convenience sampling method. To collect data, we used the Health Anxiety Inventory, Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, and the Young Schema Questionnaire- Short. The early maladaptive schema’s factors were significantly correlated with health anxiety and automatic negative thoughts (P=0.001). Early maladaptive schemas are pervasive dysfunctional themes or patterns that negatively impress people’s thoughts and lead to misinterpretations about internal and external events

The Role of Impulsivity and Sensitivity to Reward in Dropout of Addiction Treatment in Heroin Addicts

Background: Impulsivity and sensitivity to reward situate at the marrow of pathology of substance usedisorders (SUDs). This study examined the role of impulsivity and sensitivity to reward in dropout of addictiontreatment in heroin addicts.Methods: The participants of this study were 216 heroin addicts. The participants were assigned to three differentgroups including abstinent group (n = 104), relapsed group (n = 45), and dropped out of treatment group(n = 67). The participants completed the semi-structured interview, Carver and White Behavioral InhibitionSystem/Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) questionnaires, and the Delay Discounting Task (DDT).Findings: The delay discounting (DD) and reward-seeking rates were high in relapse and dropout groupscompared to the abstinence group and this difference was significant in P < 0.01 level.Conclusion: People with substance abuse disorders have impulsive behaviors and often prefer immediatereward related to substance use than long-term and greater reward

The Mediating Role of Mental Rumination in the Relationship between Alexithymia, Impulsivity, Distress Tolerance, and Self-criticism with Self-injury

The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of mental rumination in the relationship between alexithymia, impulsivity, distress tolerance, and self-criticism with self-injury. The current research was part of applied research regard to procedure, In terms of method, it was a type of correlational study. The research population consisted of all the male and female students in the first year of secondary school in Ardabil city in the academic year of 2021-2022, out of which 626 people were selected as a sample by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Research questionnaires included: Klonsky and Glenn's self-injury report questionnaire, Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow Rumination Response Scale, Simons & Gaher's Distress Tolerance Questionnaire, Barrett's Impulsivity Scale and the Thompson and Zuraf's scale of self-criticism levels. Path analysis was used to analyze the data. Findings showed that alexithymia, impulsivity, distress tolerance, and self-criticism directly and indirectly by mediating the role of mental rumination predict self-injury. It can be concluded that teaching emotional control skills and treatment of mental rumination can be useful in reducing self-injury in teenagers

Atheism and Prosocial Behavior: Evidence From a Laboratory Experiment

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of religion on charitable donation of atheists. We used experimental method utilizing a post-test and a control group. The population of the present study was 314 students at Sharif University of Technology recruited in the second half of 2018 semester and randomly assigned to either the experimental (n=27) or the control (n=26) group. Then subjects answered some demographic questions (i.e., age, gender, and income) and some questions from the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, and were also primed using a research-made Religious Priming Tool. Then they were given an opportunity to donate money to Mahak Charity, while keeping the record of donation amounts. At the end, they reported their religious orientation again and answered questions to check their knowledge of the objectives of the experiment. Finally, we compared the median of the donations in two groups. The data analyzed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test due to the abnormality of data distribution. The results showed that highlighting religion had no effect on donation of the atheists. The experiment warrants further research for the purpose of a better understanding of mechanisms influencing prosocial behavior

The Structural relationships among Dogmatism, Identity style, commitment and religious faith in Youth

Background and Aim: Present research intends to evaluate structural equations among dogmatism, identity styles, commitment and religious faith using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Hypothesis indicates that individuals who are dogmatic considering their cognitive style, are more likely to have normative identity style, more committed to their beliefs and more prepared to accept religious faith. Methods:  This research is descriptive-correlative type. 160 young people from Tabriz, Iran participated and they had the age of 20 to 35 years old. Mentioned group responded to Rokeach’s Dogmatism scale, fifth version of Identity Style Inventory (ISI-5) and The Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire (SCSORF). Data analysis administered using Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. In addition, in order to categorize, analyze and compute data SPSS ver.25 and SPSS Amos ver.24 applications were used. Results:   Assessment of the model based on hypothesis clarified that it’s fitting according to model fit scores (CFI=0.94, GFI=0.95, NFI=0.89, RMSEA=0.081). Also, correlations between variables were in the same direction with predicted model (p<0.05). Conclusion:  Generally, present article concluded there is a strong relationship between dogmatism-related cognitive style and identity style formation which leads to high levels of commitment and tendency to religious belief and faith

The Prediction of Tendency to Substance Abuse on the Basis of Self Esteem and Components of Emotional Intelligence

Objective: The aim of present study was the prediction of tendency to substance abuse on the basis of self esteem and components of emotional intelligence. Method: In this descriptive-correlational Study our sample included 153 students of Azad university of qorveh which selected by simple random sampling. APS, Rosenberg’s self esteem scale and Bradberry’s emotional intelligence questionnaires administered among selected sample. Results: Research findings represented that there are negative significant correlation between tendency to substance abuse and self esteem, also between tendency to substance abuse and self management and relationship management. Conclusion: Results of this study are showing the predictor role of self esteem, self-management and relationship management in tendency to substance abuse

The Relationship between brain-behavioral systems and cluster B personality disorders by mediating dark traits of personality

Background and Aim: It seems that one of the important influencing factors in cluster B personality disorders is brain-behavioral systems and dark personality traits, so the purpose of the present study is the relationship between brain-behavioral systems and cluster B personality disorders with the mediation of dark personality traits. Methods: The design of this research was a correlation method in terms of applied purpose and in terms of controlling variables. The statistical population of the study was all students of Tabriz universities in the academic year 2021-22, of which 450 people were selected by cluster random sampling and studied. For data collection, the Dark Dimensions of Personality Questionnaire, the revised Jackson Strengthening Sensitivity Scale, and the Millon Multi-Axis Clinical Test were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis.  Results: The results showed that there is a positive relationship between behavioral activation system and cluster B of personality disorders. There is also a negative relationship between behavioral inhibition system and cluster B personality disorders. There is a positive relationship between dark personality traits and dramatic personality disorder. There is a negative relationship between behavioral inhibition system and war and escape with the dark trait of Machiavellianism. Conclusion: The results of this research show that paying attention to the variables of behavioral brain systems and dark personality traits play an important role in personality disorders

مروری بر روش‌‌های بازآموزي حسي، به دنبال ترمیم اعصاب محیطی اندام فوقانی

چکیده مقدمه: به‌ دنبال جراحي ترمیمی تنه اعصاب محيطي در اندام فوقانی، به‌ سرعت يك سازمان‌دهي مجدد کارکردي در مغز اتفاق مي‌افتد؛ اين پديده به ‌صورت شكل‌گيري تغييراتي در نقشه كورتيكال دست مي‌باشد و علت آن انحراف آكسون‌هاي در حال رشد از مسير اوليه و اصلي خود به ‌سمت اندام‌هاي هدف است. برنامه‌هاي بازآموزي حسي، در فاز توان‌بخشي به ‌منظور تسهيل و تأثير گذاري مثبت بر روي روند يادگيري مجدد حسي انجام مي‌شود. اين برنامه‌ها موجب تطبيق دادن سازمان‌دهي سيناپتيك جديد و ارتقای سطح بهبودي حساسيت‌پذيري کارکردي مي‌گردد كه «اگنوزي لمسی» (Tactile Agnosia) نام دارد. هرچند در اغلب موارد، به ‌ویژه در بزرگسالان، نتایج مأيوس‌كننده بوده، روش‌هاي برنامه بازآموزي حسي در چندين دهه اخير تغييري نداشته است. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه ابتدا به جمع آوری مقالات مرتبط موجود از طریق جستجو در پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی چون google، Ovid و Science Direct و همچنین مکاتبه با نویسندگان مقالات جهت احراز مقالات پرداخته شد و سپس به طور دقیق، بررسی و مرور مفاهیم و روش‌های موجود انجام پذیرفت. بحث: در اين بررسي، به مرور مفاهيم موجود در علوم اعصاب و شناختي، معرفي يك دليل منطقي براي نياز به تغيير و تعديل روش‌هاي بازآموزي حسي قديمي و پيشنهاد روش‌هاي جديد براي ارتقای ميزان يادگيري مجدد حسي پس ‌از ترميم عصب پرداخته ‌شد. کلید واژه‌ها: بازآموزي حسي، روش‌هاي قديمي، روش‌هاي جديد، علوم اعصاب و شناختي