Evaluation de l‘EfficacyAntimicrobienne des Gels Hydroalcooliques Vendus sur les Marches et Grandes Surfaces de la Ville de Daloa (Centre-ousest, Cote d’Ivore)

La transmission manu portée des microorganismes est une question d’actualité. Elle s’est accrue avec l’apparition de la Covid-19. Il s’est en suit une prolifération de gels hydroalcooliques (GHA) sur l’ensemble des marchés de Côte d’Ivoire. La ville de Daloa enregistre aussi une diversité de gels hydroalcooliques sur ses marchés. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer l’effet antimicrobien des gels hydroalcooliques vendus sur les marchés et grandes surfaces (supers marchés) de la ville de Daloa. Tout d’abord une enquête sociodémographique afin de connaitre le niveau de connaissance et celui de l’utilisation des gels hydroalcooliques dans la ville de Daloa a été réalisée. Concernant l’activité antibactérienne, un total de 30 GHA a été testé à raison de 15 GHA prélevés sur les marchés et 15 autres dans les supermarchés.  Les souches microbiennes telles que Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae et Candida albicans ont été utilisées pour le test d’activité antibactérienne. Les résultats indiquent que les GHA sont connus par 96% de la population interrogée. Ces personnes sont en majorité des adultes de plus de 30 ans et ayant au moins un niveau d’étude du primaire. L’activité antibactérienne a relevé que l’efficacité varie d’un gel à un autre. La souche C. albicans est moins sensible à tous les gels quelque soit leur lieu de provenance et les gels vendus sur les marchés sont moins efficaces que les gels vendus au Supermarché.   The manual transmission of microorganisms is a topical issue. It increased with the appearance of Covid-19. There followed a proliferation of hydroalcoholic gels (GHA) on all markets in Côte d'Ivoire. The city of Daloa also registers a variety of hydroalcoholic gels on its markets. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of hydroalcoholic gels sold in markets and supermarkets (supermarkets) in the city of Daloa. First of all, a socio-demographic survey in order to know the level of knowledge and that of the use of hydroalcoholic gels in the city of Daloa was carried out. Regarding antibacterial activity, a total of 30 GHAs were tested, with 15 GHAs taken from markets and 15 others from supermarkets. Microbial strains such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans were used for the antibacterial activity test. The results indicate that GHAs are known by 96% of the population surveyed. These people are mostly adults over the age of 30 and with at least a primary education. The antibacterial activity noted that the effectiveness varies from one gel to another. The C. albicans strain is less sensitive to all gels regardless of their place of origin and the gels sold on the markets are less effective than the gels sold at the Supermarket

Evaluation de l‘EfficacyAntimicrobienne des Gels Hydroalcooliques Vendus sur les Marches et Grandes Surfaces de la Ville de Daloa (Centre-ousest, Cote d’Ivore)

La transmission manu portée des microorganismes est une question d’actualité. Elle s’est accrue avec l’apparition de la Covid-19. Il s’est en suit une prolifération de gels hydroalcooliques (GHA) sur l’ensemble des marchés de Côte d’Ivoire. La ville de Daloa enregistre aussi une diversité de gels hydroalcooliques sur ses marchés. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer l’effet antimicrobien des gels hydroalcooliques vendus sur les marchés et grandes surfaces (supers marchés) de la ville de Daloa. Tout d’abord une enquête sociodémographique afin de connaitre le niveau de connaissance et celui de l’utilisation des gels hydroalcooliques dans la ville de Daloa a été réalisée. Concernant l’activité antibactérienne, un total de 30 GHA a été testé à raison de 15 GHA prélevés sur les marchés et 15 autres dans les supermarchés.  Les souches microbiennes telles que Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae et Candida albicans ont été utilisées pour le test d’activité antibactérienne. Les résultats indiquent que les GHA sont connus par 96% de la population interrogée. Ces personnes sont en majorité des adultes de plus de 30 ans et ayant au moins un niveau d’étude du primaire. L’activité antibactérienne a relevé que l’efficacité varie d’un gel à un autre. La souche C. albicans est moins sensible à tous les gels quelque soit leur lieu de provenance et les gels vendus sur les marchés sont moins efficaces que les gels vendus au Supermarché.   The manual transmission of microorganisms is a topical issue. It increased with the appearance of Covid-19. There followed a proliferation of hydroalcoholic gels (GHA) on all markets in Côte d'Ivoire. The city of Daloa also registers a variety of hydroalcoholic gels on its markets. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of hydroalcoholic gels sold in markets and supermarkets (supermarkets) in the city of Daloa. First of all, a socio-demographic survey in order to know the level of knowledge and that of the use of hydroalcoholic gels in the city of Daloa was carried out. Regarding antibacterial activity, a total of 30 GHAs were tested, with 15 GHAs taken from markets and 15 others from supermarkets. Microbial strains such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans were used for the antibacterial activity test. The results indicate that GHAs are known by 96% of the population surveyed. These people are mostly adults over the age of 30 and with at least a primary education. The antibacterial activity noted that the effectiveness varies from one gel to another. The C. albicans strain is less sensitive to all gels regardless of their place of origin and the gels sold on the markets are less effective than the gels sold at the Supermarket

Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis in Mali: a case report

Abstract Background Drug resistant tuberculosis presents a major public health challenge. Case presentation We present here the first two patients diagnosed with extensively drug resistant tuberculosis in Bamako, Mali. Genotypic findings suggest possible nosocomial transmission from the first patient to the second one, resulting in superinfection of the second patient. After being diagnosed with extensively drug resistant tuberculosis in August 2016, the patients only started receiving appropriate treatment 10 months later. Conclusion The identification of these patients highlights the need for improved diagnostic and treatment algorithms for better surveillance and management of drug resistance in Mali. In the interest of these as well as future patients suffering from resistant tuberculosis, all steps recommended for programmatic management of drug resistant tuberculosis must be urgently prioritized in order to strengthen the multidrug resistant tuberculosis program

Human candidate gene polymorphisms and risk of severe malaria in children in Kilifi, Kenya: a case-control association study

Background: Human genetic factors are important determinants of malaria risk. We investigated associations between multiple candidate polymorphisms—many related to the structure or function of red blood cells—and risk for severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria and its specific phenotypes, including cerebral malaria, severe malaria anaemia, and respiratory distress. Methods: We did a case-control study in Kilifi County, Kenya. We recruited as cases children presenting with severe malaria to the high-dependency ward of Kilifi County Hospital. We included as controls infants born in the local community between Aug 1, 2006, and Sept 30, 2010, who were part of a genetics study. We tested for associations between a range of candidate malaria-protective genes and risk for severe malaria and its specific phenotypes. We used a permutation approach to account for multiple comparisons between polymorphisms and severe malaria. We judged p values less than 0·005 significant for the primary analysis of the association between candidate genes and severe malaria. Findings: Between June 11, 1995, and June 12, 2008, 2244 children with severe malaria were recruited to the study, and 3949 infants were included as controls. Overall, 263 (12%) of 2244 children with severe malaria died in hospital, including 196 (16%) of 1233 with cerebral malaria. We investigated 121 polymorphisms in 70 candidate severe malaria-associated genes. We found significant associations between risk for severe malaria overall and polymorphisms in 15 genes or locations, of which most were related to red blood cells: ABO, ATP2B4, ARL14, CD40LG, FREM3, INPP4B, G6PD, HBA (both HBA1 and HBA2), HBB, IL10, LPHN2 (also known as ADGRL2), LOC727982, RPS6KL1, CAND1, and GNAS. Combined, these genetic associations accounted for 5·2% of the variance in risk for developing severe malaria among individuals in the general population. We confirmed established associations between severe malaria and sickle-cell trait (odds ratio [OR] 0·15, 95% CI 0·11–0·20; p=2·61 × 10−58), blood group O (0·74, 0·66–0·82; p=6·26 × 10−8), and –α3·7-thalassaemia (0·83, 0·76–0·90; p=2·06 × 10−6). We also found strong associations between overall risk of severe malaria and polymorphisms in both ATP2B4 (OR 0·76, 95% CI 0·63–0·92; p=0·001) and FREM3 (0·64, 0·53–0·79; p=3·18 × 10−14). The association with FREM3 could be accounted for by linkage disequilibrium with a complex structural mutation within the glycophorin gene region (comprising GYPA, GYPB, and GYPE) that encodes for the rare Dantu blood group antigen. Heterozygosity for Dantu was associated with risk for severe malaria (OR 0·57, 95% CI 0·49–0·68; p=3·22 × 10−11), as was homozygosity (0·26, 0·11–0·62; p=0·002). Interpretation: Both ATP2B4 and the Dantu blood group antigen are associated with the structure and function of red blood cells. ATP2B4 codes for plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 4 (the major calcium pump on red blood cells) and the glycophorins are ligands for parasites to invade red blood cells. Future work should aim at uncovering the mechanisms by which these polymorphisms can result in severe malaria protection and investigate the implications of these associations for wider health. Funding: Wellcome Trust, UK Medical Research Council, European Union, and Foundation for the National Institutes of Health as part of the Bill & Melinda Gates Grand Challenges in Global Health Initiative