Peculiarities of teaching Natural Sciences and Stem subjects in primary schools at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries (the case of the Ural Region)

The relevance of the research is determined by the increasing importance of studying natural sciences and STEM subjects both in general and professional educational institutions, as well as the need to refer to the experience of building the educational process in Russia at the turn of the 19th –20th centuries.The study of the content aspects of education and upbringing in pre-revolutionary Russia makes it possible to identify the priority tasks of the state policy in the field of education, to determine the place and role of the main academic disciplines in schools.The purpose of the research is to study the features of teaching Natural Sciences and STEM subjects in primary educational institutions of the Ural region within the specified chronological framework. The research objectives are to study the content of the curricula of elementary schools in pre-revolutionary Russia (the case of the Urals) on the basis of predominantly archival materials and scientific literature, to show the place and role of Natural sciences and STEM subjects, the features of their teaching and the factors that increase their importance in the educational process.The research methods are source study, historical and typological methods, comparative and historical methods. During the research, we have come to the following conclusions. Between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries there was a significant increase in the importance of studying the STEM subjects due to the dynamic economic growth of the country and the region we are considering, the strengthening of the applied nature of education in general, as well as the increased dependence of achieving success in life on the knowledge and skills acquired at school. In the primary educational institutions of the Ural region, there was a noticeable improvement in the methodological methods of teaching Natural sciences and STEM subjects. There was an active process of teaching children various crafts and agricultural work. In turn, the level of training and professional skills of teachers grew; there was a professional consolidation of teachers of primary and secondary educational institutions – teachers’ communities arose and various congresses and forums were held

Single diffraction at high momentum transfers

In this report an exponential trajectory for the Pomeron is introduced for better description of the inclusive differential cross-section of single diffraction at high 4-momentum transfers

Radiation Heating of Primary Collimators at Ramping

A time-dependent temperature map is derived for the primary jaw of the momentum collimation system during the high transient loss period which is to occur at the beginning of the ramp of acceleration. An adequate margin factor is obtained for a loss of 5% of the nominal stored beam and for the nominal parabolic ramping curve

Proton Losses Upstream of IP8 in LHC

In this report we analyse possible distant sources of proton losses in the long straight section around IP8. These sources can be collisions of the beam protons with nuclei of residual gas in the arcs, betatron cleaning inefficiency and proton-proton collisions in IR1

Machine Induced Background in the Low Luminosity Insertions of the LHC

The effect of the machine induced background is studied for the low luminosity insertions of the LHC. Estimations for the fluxes of the secondary particles, induced by the proton losses in the LHC, are presented for several running conditions of the collider. The formation of the background in the machine structure is discussed

Cascade Simulations for the LHC Betatron Cleaning Insertion

A cascade calculation is done in the IR7 betatron cleaning insertion of LHC. It uses a detailed map of the primary losses and an accurate model of the straight section. One aim is to design a compact shielding which fits in the tight section of the tunnel. The same study allows to define radiation hardness properties of the equipment to be installed in the section and to locate areas of low activi ty for the installation of sensitive equipment

Применение принципов мусульманского права при решении проблем брачно-семейных отношений

The article is devoted to the problem of studying the issues of marriage and family relations in the Muslim theological discourse. Theologians have paid special attention to the institution of the family since the early epoch of the Fiqh, and their works bear witness to this. They contain concise principles with the help of which they justified theological conclusions aimed at solving marital and family problems. A deep analysis of these works helped to identify these principles, the study of which will help modern theologians to understand the goals of Sharia in the field of family relations and will effectively resolve the problems of marriage and family relations. Статья посвящена проблеме исследования вопросов брачносемейных отношений в мусульманском богословско-правовом дискурсе.С момента зарождения фикха правоведы уделяли особое внимание институту семьи, по этой причине семейное право стало традиционным разделом исламского права. Классические труды фикха содержат в себе лаконичные принципы, опираясь на которые правоведы строили обоснования своих богословских заключений, направленных на решение в том числе и брачно-семейных проблем. Анализ данных трудов позволил выявить эти принципы, в свою очередь, исследование последних дает возможность современным теологам понять цели шариата, преследуемые в области брачно-семейных отношений, и способствует эффективному регулированию такого рода вопросов на практике.

The study of the machine-induced background and its applications at the LHC

We present the recent advances in the analysis of the machine-induced background generation and formation at the LHC. Different aspects of the study of the machine background problem at the LHC are reviewed, including the background production at the different stages of the machine operation, the role and influence on the background from the collimators in the experimental insertions and the background shielding. The potential use of the machine background for the purposes of detector testing and alignment is also discussed

Методология фетвотворчества Мусы Бигиева

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Russian theologian Musa Bigiev’s views on accepting modern theological and legal conclusions in Islam, i. e. on the fatwa issuing. After comparing his various works, a conclusion is made about his adherence to absolute ij tihad, not limited to the framework of one madhhab. At the same time, Bigiev gives the main role in this process to the methodology of Islamic law, which, in his opinion, should also be modernized in accordance with the goals of the Shariʻah. This doctrine was fi rst developed in the history of Muslim thought by the medieval faqih Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi, whose work Al-Muwafaqat Bigiev recommends to introduce as a handbook in Islamic educational institutions. According Bigiev’s views, it is necessary to train mujtahids capable of making decisions based on sacred primary sources, system of goals of the Shariʻah and objective conditions of life.Статья посвящена анализу взглядов известного российского теолога Мусы Бигиева (ум. 1949) на проблему принятия современных богословско-правовых заключений в исламе — фетвотворчества. На основе сопоставления его различных сочинений делается вывод о его приверженности абсолютному иджтихаду, не ограниченному рамками одного мазхаба. При этом основную роль в этом процессе он отводит методологии исламского права, которая, на его взгляд, также должна быть модернизирована в соответствии с целями шариата. Это учение впервые в истории мусульманской мысли было разработано средневековым факихом Абу Исхаком аш-Шатиби (ум. 1388), чью работу Ал-Мувафакат Бигиев рекомендует использовать в качестве учебного пособия в исламских учебных заведениях. По мнению отечественного богослова, сегодня необходимо готовить муджтахидов, способных принимать решения на основе священных первоисточников, применяя систему целей шариата и объективные условия жизни

Comments on multiple scattering of high-energy muons in thick layers

We describe two independent methods to calculate the angular distribution of muons after traversing a thick scatterer due to multiple Coulomb scattering. Both methods take into account the nuclear size effect. We demonstrate a necessity to account for the nucleus extension as well as incoherent scattering on atomic electrons to describe the muon scattering at large angles in thick matter layers. The results of the two methods of calculations are in good agreement.Comment: 22 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Nucl. Instrum. and Met