Machine learning-based construction of a ferroptosis and necroptosis associated lncRNA signature for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in hepatocellular cancer

IntroductionLiver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), one of the most common malignancies worldwide, occurs with high incidence and mortality. Ferroptosis and necroptosis are critically associated with LIHC prognosis. Some long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to induce ferroptosis and necroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.MethodsCox regression analysis was used to construct a risk model for LIHC based on differentially expressed ferroptosis and necroptosis related lncRNAs (F-NLRs), and their expression in SMMC7721, HepG2 and WRL68 cells was detected by qPCR.ResultsFive F-NLRs were associated with LIHC prognosis, including KDM4A-AS1, ZFPM2-AS1, AC099850.3, MKLN1-AS, and BACE1-AS. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that patients with LIHC in the high-risk group were associated with poor prognosis. The combined F-NLR signature model demonstrated a prognostic AUC value of 0.789 and was more accurate than standard clinical variables for predicting LIHC prognosis. T cell functions and immunotherapy responses differed significantly between patients in the low- and high-risk groups. Additionally, immune checkpoints and m6A-related genes were differentially expressed between patients in the two risk groups. Furthermore, proteins encoded by the five F-NLRs were overexpressed in four liver cancer cell lines compared to that in human liver cell line WRL68. Pan-cancer examination revealed that expression levels of the five F-NLRs differed between most common tumor types and normal tissues.ConclusionF-NLRs identified in this study provide a predictive signature representing ferroptosis and necroptosis in LIHC, which correlated well with patient prognosis, clinicopathological characteristics, and immunotherapy responses. The study findings help to elucidate the mechanisms of F-NLRs in LIHC and provide further guidance for the selection and development of immunotherapeutic agents for LIHC

Radiative Forcing From the 2014–2022 Volcanic and Wildfire Injections

Volcanic and wildfire events between 2014 and 2022 injected ∼3.2 Tg of sulfur dioxide and 0.8 Tg of smoke aerosols into the stratosphere. With injections at higher altitudes and lower latitudes, the simulated stratospheric lifetime of the 2014–2022 injections is about 50% longer than the volcanic 2005–2013 injections. The simulated global mean effective radiative forcing (ERF) of 2014–2022 is −0.18 W m−2, ∼40% of the ERF of the period of 1991–1999 with a large-magnitude volcanic eruption (Pinatubo). Our climate model suggests that the stratospheric smoke aerosols generate ∼60% more negative ERF than volcanic sulfate per unit aerosol optical depth. Studies that fail to account for the different radiative properties of wildfire smoke relative to volcanic sulfate will likely underestimate the negative stratospheric forcings. Our analysis suggests that stratospheric injections offset 20% of the increase in global mean surface temperature between 2014–2022 and 1999–2002

GRIK3 rs490647 is a Common Genetic Variant between Personality and Subjective Well-being in Chinese Han Population

Personality and subjective well-being (SWB) have been suggested to be strongly related in previous studies. This study was intended to confirm the relationship between personality and SWB and tried to seek out the genetic variants which underlie both personality and SWB. The subjects were 890 participants from Chinese Han population. We evaluated their personality using the Big Five Inventory (BFI) and used the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) to reflect their SWB. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected from the literature (rs1426371, rs2164273, rs322931, rs3756290, rs490647) and genotyped for genetic association study. We found negative correlations between neuroticism and SWB. On the contrary, extraversion and agreeableness were positively associated with SWB. Three SNPs (rs2164273, rs3756290, rs490647) out of the five were found to connect with personality (extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness and openness to experience) and rs490647 variants of GRIK3 was also associated with SWB. Individuals carrying G allele at this site were predisposed to have lower risk to be neuroticism and greater chance to be extraverted, open and satisfied with their life. In summary, our study revealed that rs490647 might be a good candidate genetic variant for personality and SWB in Chinese Han population

EAGLE : contrastive learning for efficient graph anomaly detection

Graph anomaly detection is a popular and vital task in various real-world scenarios, which has been studied for several decades. Recently, many studies extending deep learning-based methods have shown preferable performance on graph anomaly detection. However, existing methods lack efficiency that is definitely necessary for embedded devices. Toward this end, we propose an Efficient Anomaly detection model on heterogeneous Graphs via contrastive LEarning (EAGLE) by contrasting abnormal nodes with normal ones in terms of their distances to the local context. The proposed method first samples instance pairs on meta-path level for contrastive learning. Then, a Graph AutoEncoder-based model is applied to learn informative node embeddings in an unsupervised way, which will be further combined with the discriminator to predict the anomaly scores of nodes. Experimental results show that EAGLE outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on three heterogeneous network datasets. © 2001-2011 IEEE

Deep stratospheric intrusion and Russian wildfire induce enhanced tropospheric ozone pollution over the northern Tibetan Plateau

By using ozonesonde measurements during July–August in 2016, 2019, and 2020 at Golmud and Qaidam, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) next-generation reanalysis ERA5 data, satellite-borne Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer data products, and backward trajectory calculations from the chemical Lagrangian model of the stratosphere (CLaMS) model, this study analyzes vertical ozone distributions and explores the influence of deep stratospheric intrusions and wildfires on ozone variation in the northern Tibetan Plateau (TP) during the Asian summer monsoon period. Large ozone partial pressures were observed between 20 and 30 km, with a maximum of ~16 mPa at approximately 27 km latitude. The comparisons between the vertical ozone profiles with and without the occurrence of stratospheric intrusions showed that their relative ozone difference was up to 72.4% in the tropopause layer (15.8 km), and a secondary maximum of 66.7% existed in the middle troposphere (10.1 km). The stratospheric intrusions dried the atmosphere by 52.9% and enhanced the ozone columns by 26.1% below the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. A case study of deep stratospheric intrusion exhibited the occurrence of large ozone partial pressure in the middle troposphere in detail, with an ozone peak of ~6 mPa at 10 km, which was caused by a tropopause fold associated with the westerly wind jet at the north flank of the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone. The stratospheric intrusion processes effectively transported the cold and dry air mass with high ozone in the stratosphere downward to the middle troposphere over the northern TP. This study also confirmed that by long-range transport processes, large wildfire smoke occurred around central and eastern Russia on 19–26 July 2016 greatly caused ozone pollution in the troposphere (6 km depth from the surface) over the northern TP

Large Amounts of Water Vapor Were Injected into the Stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Eruption

The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga) injected only small amount of SO2 into the stratosphere, while our analyses of the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements show that a massive amount of water vapor was directly injected into the stratosphere by the Tonga eruption, which is probably due to its submarine volcanic activity. The Tonga eruption injected a total amount of 139 ± 8 Tg of water vapor into the stratosphere and resulted in an increase of 8.9 ± 0.5% in the global stratospheric water vapor. Analyses also show that the uppermost altitude impacted by Tonga reached the 1 hPa level (~47.6 km). Additionally, the maximum hydration region for increased water vapor is at 38–17 hPa (~22.2–27 km), where the water vapor mixing ratio increased by 6–8 ppmv during the three months after the Tonga eruption. The enhanced stratospheric water vapor has great potential to influence the global radiation budget as well as ozone loss

Large Amounts of Water Vapor Were Injected into the Stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Eruption

The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga) injected only small amount of SO2 into the stratosphere, while our analyses of the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements show that a massive amount of water vapor was directly injected into the stratosphere by the Tonga eruption, which is probably due to its submarine volcanic activity. The Tonga eruption injected a total amount of 139 ± 8 Tg of water vapor into the stratosphere and resulted in an increase of 8.9 ± 0.5% in the global stratospheric water vapor. Analyses also show that the uppermost altitude impacted by Tonga reached the 1 hPa level (~47.6 km). Additionally, the maximum hydration region for increased water vapor is at 38–17 hPa (~22.2–27 km), where the water vapor mixing ratio increased by 6–8 ppmv during the three months after the Tonga eruption. The enhanced stratospheric water vapor has great potential to influence the global radiation budget as well as ozone loss