Replacement of soybean meal by urea or starea in beef cattle diet: I. igestibility, nitrogen balance, ruminal and blood parameters; II. performance and III. evaluation of digestibility markers.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a substituição de uma fonte de proteína verdadeira (farelo de soja; dieta deficiente em PDR), por uréia ou amiréia (A-150S - fonte de nitrogênio não protéico de suposta liberação gradativa de nitrogênio; dietas adequadas em PDR), foram realizados três experimentos. Experimento I: Seis machos da raça Nelore, não castrados, com peso médio inicial de 420 kg, foram utilizados em quadrado latino 3x3 duplicado, avaliando-se: a digestibilidade, o balanço de nitrogênio, parâmetros ruminais e sanguíneos (capítulo 3); a estimativa da digestibilidade no trato gastrintestinal utilizando indicadores externo e internos comparados com colheita total de fezes (capítulo 6). O volumoso utilizado foi o BIN (20% da MS). A digestibilidade da MS, MO, CNF, EE, PB e o NDT não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. A digestibilidade da FDA e FDN foram superiores (P0,05) nos valores de pH, AGV total, acetato, propionato, butirato e relação acetato:propionato do fluido ruminal. A concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal no fluido ruminal foi superior (P0,05) entre os tratamentos. A estimativa da digestibilidade utilizando o óxido de cromo apresentou resultados similares (P>0,05) à colheita total de fezes. O mesmo foi observado com a lignina no tratamento deficiente em PDR (FS), mas nos de uréia e amiréia, os coeficientes de digestibilidade foram subestimados (P0,05) entre si. Experimento III: realizou-se outro experimento de desempenho similar ao anterior, utilizando-se apenas outro volumoso (45% de BTPV e 5% de BIN) e os animais estavam na fase de terminação (capitulo 5). O tratamento FS apresentou maior (P0,05) entre si. A amiréia promoveu resultados similares a uréia convencional no consumo dos nutrientes, digestibilidade, parâmetros ruminais e sanguíneos e no desempenho de bovinos de corte confinados.Experiment I: Six Nellore bulls, with 420 kg of body weight, were used to evaluate the replacement of a true protein source (soybean meal-SBM), in an inadequate RDP diet, by urea or starea (non protein nitrogen source supposedly of slow N release), being the last two N sources in an adequate RDP diet. Sugar cane bagasse in natura (BIN) was the only source of diet forage (20% of DM). This trial evaluated: digestibility, ruminal parameters, ruminal ammonia, blood parameters and N balance (chapter 3); total tract digestibility estimated by using internal and external markers compared to total feces collection (chapter 6). DM, OM, NFC, EE, CP and TDN digestibilities (%) did not differ (P>0.05) among treatments. ADF and NDF digestibilities (%) were higher (P0.05) on pH, total VFA, acetate, propionate, butirate and acetate:propionate ratio. Ruminal ammonia N concentration was greater (P0.05) urinary N loss. N retention (g/d and % of ingested) and protein biological value (N retention, % of N digestible) were higher (P0.05) among treatment (chapter 3). The digestibility estimated by using cromium oxide was similar (P>0.05) to that of using total feces collection. Lignin used as an internal marker resulted in similar pattern as feces collection when the diet contained soybean meal (RDP deficient diet), however, when the diet N was urea or starea, the digestibility coefficients were underestimated (P0.05). Experiment III: Another performance trial was done (chapter 5), similar to Exp. II, differing only by the forage portion of the diet (45% hidrolized sugar cane bagasse-BTPV and 5% bagasse in natura-BIN) for finishing cattle. DM intake, ADG and feed conversion were 8.99, 7.43 and 7.69 kg/day; 0.983, 0.368 and 0.404 kg/day and 9.56, 20.14 and 19.54 kg DM/kg gain for SBM, urea and starea treatments, respectively. SBM had the higher (P0.05). Starea showed similar results to urea

Mediator 1 Is Atherosclerosis Protective by Regulating Macrophage Polarization

ObjectiveMED1 (mediator 1) interacts with transcription factors to regulate transcriptional machinery. The role of MED1 in macrophage biology and the relevant disease state remains to be investigated.Approach and resultsTo study the molecular mechanism by which MED1 regulates the M1/M2 phenotype switch of macrophage and the effect on atherosclerosis, we generated MED1/apolipoprotein E (ApoE) double-deficient (MED1ΔMac/ApoE-/-) mice and found that atherosclerosis was greater in MED1ΔMac/ApoE-/- mice than in MED1fl/fl/ApoE-/- littermates. The gene expression of M1 markers was increased and that of M2 markers decreased in both aortic wall and peritoneal macrophages from MED1ΔMac/ApoE-/- mice, whereas MED1 overexpression rectified the changes in M1/M2 expression. Moreover, LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor)-deficient mice received bone marrow from MED1ΔMac mice showed greater atherosclerosis. Mechanistically, MED1 ablation decreased the binding of PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) and enrichment of H3K4me1 and H3K27ac to upstream region of M2 marker genes. Furthermore, interleukin 4 induction of PPARγ and MED1 increased the binding of PPARγ or MED1 to the PPAR response elements of M2 marker genes.ConclusionsOur data suggest that MED1 is required for the PPARγ-mediated M2 phenotype switch, with M2 marker genes induced but M1 marker genes suppressed. MED1 in macrophages has an antiatherosclerotic role via PPARγ-regulated transactivation