Preparation and Evaluation of Nicotine Slow Release Mucoadhesive Film for NRT**

Abstract Introduction: Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) with gradual decreasing the amount of nicotine is one of the smoking cessation methods. Nicotine dosage forms on the market are including gum and skin patches. Mucoadhesive formulations are the novel drug delivery systems that can be used for NRT. Mucoadhesive nicotine film (MNF) when placed in the upper gum, will adhere to mucosa and release the nicotine in a controlled manner. MNF will meet the immediate and long-term need of the individual to the nicotine, and could decrease his/her dependency on smoking. Methods and Results: The mucoadhesive films were prepared using different conventional bioadhesive polymers such as HPMC, PVP, Na Alginate, Ethyl cellulose and Eudragit RL100; and Glycerin as the plasticizer for formulations of nicotine hydrogen tartrate, which is more stable form of nicotine. The pharmaceutics characteristics of film include rate of drug release and in vitro adhesion, disintegration time and swallow amount were evaluated. The formulations make with PVP have improved adhesion properties and formulation with HPMC (6 cP) or Na.Alginate released nicotine in the average less than an hour. Drug release from formulations contains HPMC (15000cP) took long about 120 minutes, but in formulations contains Eudragit was within 4.5 to over 6 hours. Conclusions: The best formulation with suitable adhesion and rate of release contains Eudragit RL100 and Glycerin that release nicotine for 5 hour. NRT: Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) gives you nicotine – in the form of gum, patches, sprays, inhalers, or lozenges – but not the other harmful chemicals in tobacco. NRT can help relieve some of the physical withdrawal symptoms so that you can focus on the psychological (emotional) aspects of quittin

Designing of the ibuprofen mucoadhesive film for relief the oral pain and inflammation

زمینه و هدف: اشکال مخاط چسب، از سیستم های دارورسانی جدید هستند که بصورت قرص و فیلم موجودند. فیلم مخاط چسب دهانی زمان توقف دارو را طولانی می کند و یک شیب بالای غلظتی برای نفوذ ارائه می دهد که منجر به بهبود جذب دارو می شود. هدف از این مطالعه تهیه سیستم تحویل منطقه ای داروی ایبوپروفن به منظور تسکین درد و التهاب خفیف تا متوسط دهانی از طریق تهیه ی فرمولاسیون مخاط چسب دهان بود. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی فیلم های مخاط چسب ایبوپروفن با روش Casting و با بکارگیری ترکیبات مختلفی از پودر یودراژیت ((EUDRAGIT RL100 و سدیم کربوکسیل متیل سلولوز (NaCMC) به عنوان پلیمر و گلیسرین و پروپیلن گلیکول به عنوان پلاستی سایزر تهیه و از نظر ویژگی‌های ظاهری و فارماسیوتیکسی مانند ظاهر، وزن، ضخامت، قدرت چسبندگی، زمان آزادسازی، زمان از هم پاشیدگی و قدرت بارگیری دارو در فیلم بررسی شدند. داده ها با استفاده از آزمون آماری آنالیز واریانس و تست تعقیبی توکی در نرم افزار SPSS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته ها: سرعت آزاد سازی دارو در فرمولاسیون های مختلف مورد بررسی تفاوت زیادی نشان نداد. استفاده از یودراژیت به میزان بیشتر از 1000 میلی گرم موجب افزایش ویسکوزیته سیستم و کاهش خلل و فرج و ظاهر مناسب فیلم شد اما فیلم‌های ساخته شده با یودراژیت و NaCMC از نظر ویژگی‌های ظاهری و فارماسیوتیکسی قابل قبول تر بودند. نتیجه گیری: بهترین فرمولاسیون با چسبندگی مناسب و سرعت آزادسازی مورد نظر شامل 35 میلی گرم ایبوپروفن، 200 میلی گرم NaCMC و1500 میلی گرم یودراژیت بود که به دلیل ویسکوزیته بالا، قدرت چسبندگی مناسب، نوسانات کم در آزادسازی دارو (در طول 4 ساعت) به عنوان فرمولاسیون برتر انتخاب شد؛ لذا به نظر می رسد این شکل دارویی بتواند مورد توجه و استفاده ی بسیاری از بیماران قرار گیرد

The Effectiveness of GECB Pastille in Reducing Complications of Dry Socket Syndrome

Background and Purpose. Dry socket syndrome is one of the most irritating complications after tooth extraction. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of pastille GECB compared to ZOE. Materials and Methods. 30 patients with dry socket syndrome were selected and divided into two groups. GECB pastille was produced with 3% Guaiacol, 3% Eugenol 1.6% Chlorobutanol, sized 3 × 7 × 10 mm. GECB was applied in one group, and ZOE was used for the other group. Duration of pain after treatment and painkiller intake values were recorded within 20 days. The data were analyzed with independent samples t-test, Mann-Whitney, and Chi-Square tests. Results. Pain persisted for 45.53 ± 33.34 minutes in patients treated with ZOE and 19.87 ± 21.80 minutes in those treated with GECB (P = 0.19). Patients in the ZOE group reported more painkiller intake within 20 days (P = 0.031). Conclusion. GECB showed more significant efficacy in reducing complications after tooth extraction

Sulfonated Magnetic Nanocomposite Based on Reactive PGMA-MAn Copolymer@Fe 3

Chelating magnetic nanocomposites have been considered as suitable materials for removal of heavy metal ions for water treatment. In this work poly(glycidyl methacrylate-maleic anhydride) copolymer (PGMA-MAn) is modified with 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (ABSAc) and subsequently the product reacted with modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles and 1,2-ethanedithiol (EDT) in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation for preparation of tridimensional chelating magnetic nanocomposite. Synthesized magnetic nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), elemental mapping analysis (EMA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The adsorption behavior of Cu(II) ions was investigated by synthesized nanocomposite in various parameters such as pH, contact time, metal ion concentration, and adsorbent dosage. The equilibrium distribution coefficient (kd) was determined and the findings prove that the kd value is approximately high in the case of all selected metal ions. The synthesized nanocomposite exhibited good tendency for removing Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions even at an acidic pH

Simulation of photodetector functionality in an optical communication system

In the first experiment this thesis has studied the components of an optical communication system then after fully understand the characteristics of all optical systems we go to next step which is design and simulating the optical communication system and base of our knowledge the works begin to optimise both the individual components and also the entire optical system. The simulation results has been achieved by changing the characteristics of our communication system in the possible range and after that considering the improvements of observed results, then we tried to change other characteristics of the components to achieve the best optimum points. The charts and results are based on the observation from simulation and search in the latest articles and data sheets, and also calculation by the help of formulas extract from related books and literature. Finally after all the results achieved from simulation, calculation and literature that we have discussed in this project we can decide wisely about the components of any optical communication system to choose the best components base on the application and the circumstance which we want to work on it

Preparation of Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride Mucoadhesive Oral Film and the Evaluation of its Pharmaceutics characteristics

Background & Objective: In recent years, mucoadhesive drug delivery systems has shown interested for prolonging the residence time of the dosage form and for providing a controlled rate of drug release. Mucoadhesive buccal films can enhance drug bioavailability by absorption through buccal mucosa and bypassing the first pass metabolism for improved therapeutic effect.. In addition, buccal films have advantages such as providing a convenient accessibility, painless method of drug delivery, and improved patient compliance. Buccal tablets allow drinking, eating, and speaking without any major discomfort.  Materials & Methods: Buccal films of diphenhydramine were prepared by solvent casting technique using Hydroxyl Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) 6000cps, Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (NaCMC), and Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA). Prepared films were evaluated for weight, thickness, swelling index, drug content uniformity, tensile strength, and in vitro release studies.Results: The thickness of the films were between 0.13 and 0.25 mm. Their weight were in range of 0.98 and 1.26. F1 (containing 875mg HPMC and 125mg PVA), F5 (made of HPMC 50 mg and PVA 950mg), and F6 (containing 800mg PVA) showed success in the primary tests. No bubble or shrinkage was observed in them. F1, F5, and F6 released 97.8%, 96.7%, and 97.6% of the drug, respectively during five hours, two hours, and 40 minutes.  Conclusion: F6, which contained 800mg PVA, released 97.6% of the drug in 40 minutes. This film has proper pharmaceutic characteristics to be used

Investigating the relationship between religious beliefs and elementary teacher′s happiness in the working environment

Aim: This study was aimed at investigating the relationship between religious beliefs and elementary teacher′s happiness in the working environment. This was a descriptive-correlation study. Methods: The population under study was consisted of all the elementary teachers of district 2 of ministry of education and training during the academic year of 2013-2014. Using Cochrane′s volume sampling, a number of 250 elementary teachers was chosen from the population of teachers (a number of 690 teachers). Two types of questionnaires were used to elicit data, the questionnaire of vision assessment (by Serajzadeh), and Oxford happiness (by Argyle). SPSS 19 was used for the both levels of descriptive (such as frequency, mean, percentage, and standard deviation) and inferential (such as Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and MANOVA) statistics. Result: The results of the study showed that there is a significant relationship between elementary teacher′s happiness and their religious beliefs (r = 0.241, P < 0.001). There also existed a significant relationship between faith (one of the aspects of religious beliefs) and happiness (r = 0.01, P < 0.05). The other significant relationships of the aspects of religious belief and happiness were for the outcome aspect (r = 0.034, P < 0.005), rite aspect (r = 0.01, P < 0.05), and the experimental aspect of religious beliefs (r = 0.017, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Result showed that there is no significant relationship between the rite aspect of religious belief and happiness based on gender, working experience, educational background/level, and type of school. In contrast, there is a significant relationship between religious beliefs and age

Formulation and Evaluation of Phenytoin Sodium Buccoadhesive Polymeric Film for Oral Wounds: Phenytoin sodium buccoadhesive polymeric film

In recent decades, most of researchers in pharmaceutical preparations have focused increasingly on new formulations that control the site and amount of drug delivery. Mucoadhesive dosage forms are available for systemic or local treatment. The mucoadhesive dosage forms are introduced in various forms such as tablets, gels, ointments, patches and polymeric films. For buccal wound and injury the polymeric films may be preferred due to flexibility, comfort, longer residence time, protection of the wound surface and promotion of the wound healing. Most of dentists apply phenytoin sodium suspension as a gargle for promoting healing in dental surgery. In this study, a novel phenytoin sodium mucoadhesive film consisting of two layers of polymeric film was prepared by solvent casting method. One layer contained various ratios of carbapol 934, NaCMC, HPMC and a constant proportion of PEG 400 as plasticizer. The other layer contained cellulose acetate phethalate which acts as water resistant for unidirectional release. The film's mechanical properties such as swelling, in vitro adhesion/drug release and residence time by using human volunteers were measured.among different polymers the HPMC/Na CMC/CP 934 were selected and thirteen formulations (F1-F13) were prepared. The best formulation in physical properties were F1, F6, F8, F9 and F13. F8 had the highest and F1 had the lowest swelling index, and all formulations had high adhesive strength. Formulation F6 had a fast release pattern during the first 30 mins, but F8 had the highest amount of release in 3 hours. F1 had the lowest amount of release during 3 hours. F1 had the longest residence time while F8 and F9 showed the shortest residence time accompanied with detachment. From the current study, one can conclude that the buccoudhesive film of F13 containing 60% HPMC, 20% NaCMC and 20% CP had zero order models of drug release and possesses suitable swelling profile, good adhesion strength, appropriate residence time and produced no irritation. Optimum ratio for the mucoadhesive polymeric film composed of Carbopol/Na CMC/HPMC, was 20/30/40 (wt/wt/wt) in terms of flexibility, comfort, long residence time, swelling, and bioadhesive force

Evaluation of the Synergistic Effect of Tomatidine with Several Antibiotics against Standard and Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli

Abstract Antibiotic resistance is an important problem in antibiotic treatment of infections, particularly in hospitals. Tomatidine is a plant secondary metabolite with antimicrobial and antifungal effects. This study examined the possible synergistic effect tomatidine with several antibiotics against standard and clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. After determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics and tomatidine against the bacterial isolates using broth microdilution method, the synergistic effect between tomatidine and antibiotics was evaluated by checkerboard method and calculation of FIC indices. Tomatidine alone did not show any antimicrobial effect. However, it had synergistic effect with gentamicin and cefepime against standard and clinical isolates of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively. It also had synergistic effect with ampicillin and ciprofloxacin only against standard strains of E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa, respectively. In conclusion, tomatidine could be considered as a potential antibiotic potentiator for gentamicin, cefepime and ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis infections, respectively. However, the toxicological and pharmacological properties of tomatidine for use as a therapeutic agent remain to be determined

A fuzzy logic model to predict the out-of-seam dilution in longwall mining

The longwall mining method is often affected by the out-of-seam dilution (OSD). Therefore, predicting and controlling of dilution are important factors for reducing mining costs. In this study, the fuzzy set theory and multiple regression models with parameters, including variation in seam thickness, dip of seam, seam thickness, depth of seam, and hydraulic radius as inputs to the models were applied to predict the OSD in the longwall coal panels. Field data obtained from Kerman and Tabas coal mines, Iran were used to develop and validate the models. Three indices including coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and variance account for (VAF) were used to evaluate the performance of the models. With 10 randomly selected datasets, for the linear, polynomial, power, exponential, and fuzzy logic models, R2, RSME and VAF are equal to (0.85, 4.4, 84.4), (0.61, 7.5, 59.6), (0.84, 4.5, 72.7), (0.80, 4.1, 79.6), and (0.97, 2.1, 95.7), respectively. The obtained results indicate that the fuzzy logic model predictor with R2 = 0.97, RMSE = 2.1, and VAF = 95.7 performs better than the other models. Keywords: Out-of-seam dilution, Longwall coal mining, Regression modeling, Fuzzy set theory, Kerman and Tabas coal mine