10 research outputs found

    Caractérisation et conservation de la diversité bactérienne d’un lait fermenté traditionnel breton, le Gwell en lien avec la préservation d’une race locale de vache, la Bretonne Pie Noir

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    Le Gwell est un lait fermenté traditionnel spécifique de la Bretagne. Il est obtenu à partir de lait de vaches de race Bretonne Pie Noir, inoculé avec une portion de la fabrication précédente (appelé ferment) sans aucun recours à des levains commerciaux. Les productions de Gwell partagent une texture ferme et onctueuse et un gout frais et acidulé, avec des caractéristiques organoleptiques propres à chaque producteur. Les producteurs sont malheureusement parfois confrontés à la perte de leur ferment et doivent alors avoir recours à la solidarité d’autres producteurs pour réacquérir un ferment opérationnel. Ces pertes de ferments sont un frein au développement de la production de Gwell et donc à la valorisation de lait issu de vaches Bretonne Pie Noir. Cette race emblématique de la Bretagne, caractérisée par une rusticité hors du commun et un lait très riche en matière grasse totalisait au milieu du 19ème siècle près de 900 000 têtes. La modernisation des pratiques agricoles alliée à une orientation productiviste forte a conduit à une quasi extinction de l’espèce, ce qui a conduit à initier en 1976 un programme de sauvegarde de l’espèce. Le nombre de vaches s’élève ainsi aujourd’hui à près de 2500 femelles. La transformation du lait en Gwell est, pour les éleveurs, un moyen de valoriser la qualité du lait de Bretonne Pie Noir en conservant sa valeur ajoutée. Les éleveurs qui transforment le lait en Gwell œuvrent ainsi à la sauvegarde de l’espèce Bretonne Pie Noir, mais aussi à la préservation de la diversité microbienne, du patrimoine et des savoir-faire paysans associés. La caractérisation de l’écosystème microbien du ferment Gwell, pour mieux maitriser sa conservation et sécuriser ainsi la production de Gwell, participe de ce fait au maintien de la race Bretonne Pie Noir. Dans ce contexte notre étude visait à caractériser l’écosystème microbien du Gwell pour sécuriser les souches à l’origine de la typicité du produit. Nous avons ainsi montré que toutes les productions de Gwell avaient une flore bactérienne dominante similaire, composée de deux sous-espèces de la bactérie lactique Lactococcus lactis (subsp. lactis et subsp. cremoris). En fonction des producteurs, le nombre de souches de chaque sous-espèce peut varier avec dans certain cas la présence de Streptococcus thermophilus. De plus, nous avons identifié et caractérisé des souches spécifiques à chaque producteur et montré une forte résilience de l’écosystème pouvant expliquer en partie les différences organoleptiques observées entre les Gwell de différents producteurs

    Microbial communities of home-made fermented vegetables

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    International audienceFermentation is an ancestral process for food preservation, which has recently received a renewed interest. Fermented vegetables are little consumed in Western Europe, in contrast with central Europe and Asia. FLEGME is a citizen science project that gathers various actors: citizens, SMEs, agricultural schools, culinary journalists, researchers.... One of its goal is to characterize the microbial communities and the safety of home-made fermented vegetables. Fermented vegetables were collected from citizens that manufacture this type of products for their personal consumption. Several microbial groups were analysed by culture-dependent methods, including lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeasts, as some pathogenic bacteria. pH was also measured. 1 – 3 isolates were randomly picked up on LAB plates and identified by 16S sequencing. Samples were also analysed by metabarcoding analysis. The set of 75 samples received included 23 types of legumes, mainly cabbage (27%), followed by carrots (19%) and beets (12%). Their median pH was 3.6. Only 2 samples had a pH over 4.5. LAB represented the dominant population. Their median concentration was 7.5x104 CFU/g, but varied from non-detectable values to 6x108 CFU/g. No significant relationship was found between LAB counts and the type of vegetable. However, LAB counts significant depended on the age of samples,which ranged from 2 weeks to 4 years: high LAB counts were most frequently observed in the youngest samples (< 100 days). Yeasts were detected in nearly half the samples, with counts ranging from 102 to 9x107 CFU/g. Enterococci were detected in only 5 samples at counts < 105 CFU/g. No pathogenic bacteria were detected. 90 LAB clones were isolated, belonging to 31 species, the most common being Levilactobacillus brevis and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum/paraplantarum (21 and 20 % of total isolates). Metagenomic results showed that Lactobacillus was the most represented genera, followed by Lactococcus,then Weissella and Staphylococcus

    Enterobacteria and lactic acid bacteria fight during spontaneous vegetable fermentation

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    International audienceIntroduction and objectivesFermented vegetables are traditionally consumed in central Europe and Asia, and have recently received a renewed interest in Western Europe, leading to their domestic and artisanal production. Our objective was to better understand the microbial dynamics of such spontaneous fermentations and the potential safety risks associated with their consumption. Materials and et methodsA 23 experimental design was set up for two vegetables, cabbage and carrots, either coarsely or finely cut, firmly pressed down in 500 mL-jars and filled up with brine to reach final NaCl concentrations of 0.8% or 1.0% (w/w). Jars were incubated at 19°C for 7 months and two independent jars characterized at each time point using culture-dependent and -independent (16S metabarcoding) approaches. 1 to 5 isolates picked up from plates were identified by 16S sequencing. pH and pathogenic bacteria were also analysed.Results, discussion and conclusionThe types of vegetables and of cutting significantly influenced microbial counts and pH, while the NaCl concentration did not. In both sliced and grated carrots, the pH rapidly dropped to 6.1 and enterobacteria counts (> 8 log) exceeded LAB counts (0 to 5.8 log). A great variability was observed from replicate jars especially for leaf cabbage. Yeasts were systematically detected at the beginning of fermentation. After 7 months, all vegetables were at pH < 3.7 and enterobacteria no more detected. No pathogenic bacteria were detected. On the 59 clones isolated from MRS plates, 16 taxons were identified, including mainly Leuconostoc, followed by Lactobacillus-related species, in both vegetables. Metabarcoding analysis strongly differentiated the two vegetables, with around 70% of shared ASV between carrot and cabbage, and their cutting, in particular for cabbage leaf. This study highlights the tight competition between enterobacteria and LAB in the colonisation of fermented vegetables, illustrates the diversity of their microbiota, and highlights a great variability between replicate jars

    Communautés microbiennes de légumes fermentés domestiques

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    International audienceAbstractIntroduction and objectiveFermentation is an ancestral process of preserving food, which has recently received a renewed interest because of its natural image, nutritional interest, and potential for innovation. Excepted sauerkraut, fermented foods issued from vegetables have been little consumed in Western Europe, in contrast with central Europe and Asia. FLEGME, for “Fermentation des LEGuMEs” (i.e. vegetables in French), is a citizen science project thatgathers various actors: citizens, SMEs, agricultural schools, culinary journalists, researchers, among others. One of its goal is to characterize the microbial communities and the safety of home-made fermented vegetables.Material and methodsHome-made fermented vegetables were collected from citizens that manufacture this type of products for their personal consumption. Several microbial groups were targeted: lactic acid bacteria (LAB), total aerobic bacteria, Enterococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, spore-formingbacteria, as well as some pathogenic bacteria. pH was also measured.Results and discussionA set of 75 home-made samples were received. They included 23 types of legumes, the most represented being cabbage (27%, 7 varieties), followed by carrots (19%) and beets (12%). Their median pH was 3.6, with 87% of samples between 3.2 and 4.0. Only 2 samples had a pH over 4.5. LAB represented the dominant population. Their concentration varied from non-detectable values to 6x108 CFU/g, with a median concentration of 7.5x104 CFU/g. No significant relation was found between LAB counts and the type of vegetable. However, a significant effect of the age of samples (from 2-week-old to 4-year-old) was observed: high LAB counts were most frequent observed in young samples (< 100 days). Yeasts were detectedin nearly half the samples, with counts ranging from 102 to 9x107 CFU/g. Enterococci were detected in only 5 samples at counts < 105 CFU/g, spore-forming bacteria in 41 samples at counts ranging from 10 to 104 CFU/g. No pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, coagulase positive staphylococci, Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes) were detected. This first view of the microbial community of fermented vegetables based on culture-dependent analysis will be completed by 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding

    Nueva Alcarria: Año II Número 102 - 1940 diciembre 7

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    Milk is transformed from time immemorial and fermentation is among the oldest techniques of food preservation.Fermented milk products involve positive bacteria and yeast which strongly participate to the safety and to the organoleptic quality of the products High level of diversity of both bacteria (mainly lactic acid bacteria) and yeast linked to the diversity of manufacturing practices, leads to the huge variety of fermented milk products all over the world If these products were originally obtained from spontaneous fermentation with microorganisms naturally present in the environment of transformation or by backslopping most of the production are now using commercial starters with as a result a standardization and a lost of typicality In parallel, in several developed country the improvement of livestock sanitary conditions leads moreover to a drastic decrease of the microorganisms naturally present in the milk Thus, preservation of these microorganisms is a major issue for traditional milk produc

    Communautés microbiennes de légumes fermentés domestiques et artisanaux

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    International audienceFermentation of vegetables has recently received a renewed interest in the USA and in Western Europe, where they are little consumed, in contrast with central Europe and Asia. FLEGME is a citizen science project focused on fermented vegetables, which gathers various actors including citizens, SMEs, agricultural schools, culinary journalists, and researchers. One of its goal is to characterize the microbial communities and the safety of home-made fermented vegetables. A set of 75 fermented vegetables was collected from citizens that manufacture such products for their personal consumption. Several microbial groups were analysed by culture-dependent methods, including lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeasts, and some pathogenic bacteria. pH was also measured. 1 to 3 isolates were randomly picked up from LAB and yeast plates and identified by 16S and D1/D2 sequencing. Samples were also analysed by metabarcoding analysis. The received included 23 types of vegetables, mainly cabbage (27%), followed by carrots (19%) and beets (12%). Their age ranged from 2 weeks to 4 years. Their median pH was 3.6, only 2 samples had a pH over 4.5. LAB represented the dominant population. Their median concentration was 7.5x104 CFU/g, but varied from non-detectable values to 6x108 CFU/g. No significant relationship was found between LAB counts and the type of vegetable. However, LAB counts significant depended on the age of samples, with high LAB counts most frequently observed in the youngest samples (< 100 days). Yeasts were detected in nearly half the samples, with counts ranging from 102 to 9x107 CFU/g. Enterococci were detected in only 5 samples at counts < 105 CFU/g. No pathogenic bacteria were detected. 90 LAB clones and 47 yeast clones were isolated, belonging to 31 species, the most common being Levilactobacillus brevis and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum/paraplantarum (21 and 20 % of total bacterial isolates, respectively) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Debaryomyces hansenii, and Wickerhamomyces anomalus for yeasts. Metagenomic results showed that Lactobacillacae was the most represented family, with Lactiplantibacillus as most frequent genus encountered), followed by Streptococcaceae, Leuconostocaceae and Staphylococcaceae, with Lactococcus, Weissella, and Staphylococcus, respectively, as most frequent genera

    Nueva Alcarria: Año II Número 73 - 1940 mayo 18

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    Le Gwell est un lait fermenté traditionnel spécifique de la Bretagne. Il est obtenu à partir de lait de vaches de race Bretonne Pie Noir, inoculé avec une portion de la fabrication précédente (appelé ferment) sans aucun recours à des levains commerciaux. Les productions de Gwell partagent une texture ferme et onctueuse et un gout frais et acidulé, avec des caractéristiques organoleptiques propres à chaque producteur. Les producteurs sont malheureusement parfois confrontés à la perte de leur ferment et doivent alors avoir recours à la solidarité d’autres producteurs pour réacquérir un ferment opérationnel. Ces pertes de ferments sont un frein au développement de la production de Gwell et donc à la valorisation de lait issu de vaches Bretonne Pie Noir. Cette race emblématique de la Bretagne, caractérisée par une rusticité hors du commun et un lait très riche en matière grasse totalisait au milieu du 19ème siècle près de 900 000 têtes. La modernisation des pratiques agricoles alliée à une orientation productiviste forte a conduit à une quasi extinction de l’espèce, ce qui a conduit à initier en 1976 un programme de sauvegarde de l’espèce. Le nombre de vaches s’élève ainsi aujourd’hui à près de 2500 femelles. La transformation du lait en Gwell est, pour les éleveurs, un moyen de valoriser la qualité du lait de Bretonne Pie Noir en conservant sa valeur ajoutée. Les éleveurs qui transforment le lait en Gwell œuvrent ainsi à la sauvegarde de l’espèce Bretonne Pie Noir, mais aussi à la préservation de la diversité microbienne, du patrimoine et des savoir-faire paysans associés. La caractérisation de l’écosystème microbien du ferment Gwell, pour mieux maitriser sa conservation et sécuriser ainsi la production de Gwell, participe de ce fait au maintien de la race Bretonne Pie Noir. Dans ce contexte notre étude visait à caractériser l’écosystème microbien du Gwell pour sécuriser les souches à l’origine de la typicité du produit. Nous avons ainsi montré que toutes les productions de Gwell avaient une flore bactérienne dominante similaire, composée de deux sous-espèces de la bactérie lactique Lactococcus lactis (subsp. lactis et subsp. cremoris). En fonction des producteurs, le nombre de souches de chaque sous-espèce peut varier avec dans certain cas la présence de Streptococcus thermophilus. De plus, nous avons identifié et caractérisé des souches spécifiques à chaque producteur et montré une forte résilience de l’écosystème pouvant expliquer en partie les différences organoleptiques observées entre les Gwell de différents producteurs

    Impact de la mise en allaitement artificiel sur la santé, le comportement et les performances des agneaux

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    Dans les troupeaux ovins allaitants, l’allaitement artificiel strict avec un lait reconstitué est fréquemment utilisé pour sauver des agneaux surnuméraires mais peut entrainer des performances décevantes. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer, chez des agneaux de race Romane, l’impact de ce mode d’élevage sur leurs performances et sur leurs réponses immunitaire et comportementale à court et moyen terme. Trois traitements d’allaitement sont comparés : agneaux maternés (un agneau par mère), agneaux mis en allaitement artificiel à 3 jours d’âge et nourris soit avec du lait commercial reconstitué ou avec du lait de brebis Lacaune traites quotidiennement. Au sevrage à 45 jours, les agneaux des différents traitements ont été réallotés par sexe et alimentés avec du foin et du concentré. Les agneaux nourris avec l’aliment d’allaitement ont une croissance avant 22 jours significativement plus faible que les agneaux maternés, ceux nourris au lait de brebis étant intermédiaires. Au-delà, il n’apparait plus de différence et le poids final est équivalent. Ces agneaux allaités artificiellement, quel que soit le lait, apparaissent plus actifs en case d’élevage et moins craintifs vis-à-vis de l’homme en situation de test à J21. Lorsqu’ils sont nourris avec l’aliment d’allaitement, l’aspect de leur arrière train a tendance à être plus sale que celui des agneaux nourris au lait de brebis sans pour autant qu’ils soient plus infectés par des pathogènes intestinaux. Le stress oxydant est plus faible chez les agneaux en allaitement artificiel, malgré un statut antioxydant global moins favorable, probablement en rapport avec leur meilleure familiarisation à l’homme lors des prélèvements. Par contre le lait de brebis Lacaune prépare mieux les agneaux au stress du sevrage. De même, la réponse immunitaire à une vaccination contre la chlamydiose est plus forte pour ce traitement. Dans les conditions de cette étude avec un faible taux de mortalité et un effectif d’agneaux limité, l’allaitement artificiel strict pénalise la croissance et le statut antioxydant et favorise la relation à l’homme uniquement dans la période d’allaitement. Les différences s’estompent rapidement après le sevrage.In sheep production, artificial rearing with commercial milk is frequently used to save lambs born from large litters but is usually connected with poor animal performance. The objective of this study was to estimate the impact of this rearing method on the performance of lambs from the Romane breed, but also their short and medium-term immune and behavioual responses. Lambs were assigned to three rearing treatments: left with the mother (one lamb per dam), or separated at 3 days of age and fed either with a commercial milk substitute or with milk from Lacaune ewes milked daily. When weaned at 45 days, the lambs of the three treatments were mixed, reared in single sex groups and fed with hay and concentrate. Lambs fed commercial milk had significantly lower growth rate before 22 days than mothered lambs, those fed Lacaune milk being intermediate. No difference was detectable later on and the final weight was similar. Artificially reared lambs, regardless of the type of milk, seemed more active in their rearing pens and less afraid of humans in tests performed at 21 days. The fleece around the perianal area of lambs fed commercial milk tended to be dirtier than in lambs fed with ewe’s milk without any increase on the presence of pathogens in the faeces. Consumption of artificial milk was associated with lower antioxidant status and higher level of stress at 30 days of age compared to mothered lambs. The immune response following vaccination against chlamydiosis was not different between lambs fed artificial milk and those nursed by their mother. In this study where mortality rate was low, artificial rearing was seen to impair growth rate and antioxidant status and to promote a lamb human relationship only during the artificial rearing period
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