An Evaluation of Dr. Ambedkar's Economic Thought on Agriculture in the context of Globalization

Bharatratna Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: an eminent socio-economic thinker and epoch-maker shaped the economic destiny of India by introducing many tenets of the State Socialism into the Constitution of free India. He was post-graduate of Columbia University (U.S.) and obtained his doctoral degree in economics from there in 1917 and D.Sc. degree in 1921 from renowned London School of Economics. Abroad, he shared his thoughts with distinguished economists like Prof. Seligman and Prof. Cannon. He had a short stint with Sydneham College Bombay as a lecturer in economics during 1918 -20. His economic thoughts are spread over plethora of pages, speeches and statements made in various capacities. He was the first to co-relate the evils of untouchability and caste-system with the economic system. It was to his credit that financial and economic provisions were entered into the Law of the Land i.e. Constitution of India. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was much more than a mere economic thinker. He was philosopher, social thinker, a fantastic scholar, a leader, a political activist, an apostle, and a savior of millions - a true architect of egalitarian society. Such a person can only be a revolutionary at heart. Above all these attributes, he was the noble visionary aspiring for the peaceful and prosperous world without malice. Agriculture being the backbone of the Indian economy many problems like land-reforms, fragmentation and subdivision of land were discussed by Dr. Ambedkar threadbare. The problems are still current and are further aggravated by the density of population and urbanization. The size of land holding is getting diminished day by day causing innumerable misery to the farmers. The marginalization of land is marginalizing the landholders on large scale. Dr. Ambedkar foresaw all this and emphasized the inability of consolidation and other means of increasing the size. He was aware that any system of equitable distribution of land and land reforms would be inadequate for singular reason that there is no ample land relative to population. Therefore he felt that collectivism was the only answer for problems of agriculture. This was in tune with welfare State visualized then. The collective farming would reap the advantages of large scale production which would increase labor productivity. He was for growth and development of agro-based industries and industrialization of the rural areas. This in his view would enhance employment of workers and the land-less. Dr. Ambedkar proposed collective farming in a slight different way from communes. The proprietary rights would remain with respective farmers but they would not be permitted to cultivate lands unless they join with adjoining farms. In case it was not done then government should interfere and acquire lands after paying appropriate compensation. The land so acquired should be divided into equal holdings and should be given to the villagers for cultivation. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar justified the government interference saying that non-interference of government would mean private autocracy. While discussing the problem of subdivision he emphasized that the absence of law of primogeniture (the property should rest with first born) led to non-economic holding. He defined his concept of economic holding on the basis of a family unit. The land should be adequate enough to provide employment to whole family and must be able to provide subsistence to the family. His was scientific and hence the holistic approach in a sense

Office hysteroscopy: a review

With the invention of new techniques and modalities “see and treat” has become the norm of management now a days. Diagnostic hysteroscopy combined with histological examination of an endometrial biopsy is considered the ‘gold standard’ in the diagnosis of intrauterine abnormalities. The importance of office hysteroscopy lies in the fact that there is no need of any anesthesia and after the procedure the patient can return into his routine activity only with the minimal aid of NSAIDs. Two different types of hysteroscopes are used worldwide: flexible or rigid, which are made in different sizes. Optic miniaturization has been one of the greatest technological advancements in the field of hysteroscopy, both for rod-lens and fiberoptic scopes. The main concerns in office hysteroscopy are the need for necessary expertise, pain management and management of the complications in the office setting and the high cost of the equipment needed for the procedure. But office hysteroscopy has already demonstrated good correlation of findings compared with inpatient hysteroscopy, providing distinct advantages such as reduced anesthesia risks, enhanced time and cost-effectiveness, and faster recovery with less time away from work and home

Clinical profile and obstetric outcome in pregnancies complicated by heart disease: a five year Indian rural experience

Background: Cardiac diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women in the developing world. This study illustrates the problem in rural India focusing on patterns of diseases, clinical features, and pregnancy outcome in these women.Methods: A retrospective analysis of five year data, from 2006 to 2010 for all patients admitted with cardiac disease in pregnancy.Results: Past history of heart disease was present in 70%. Rheumatic heart disease was predominant type in 83% and the chief complaint at admission was breathlessness in 44%.   Mitral stenosis was the commonest lesion in 55% and mitral regurgitation with or without stenosis in 48%. Preeclampsia was seen in 20% and preterm labor in 10%. Spontaneous vaginal delivery was seen in 41% and cesarean in 20.6%.Conclusions: Heart disease in pregnancy is a high risk condition has a major impact on pregnancy. Associated obstetric complications along with lack of knowledge and ignorance regarding the pathology lead to unpleasant obstetric outcomes

A Survey Paper on Secure Cloud De-Duplication Systems

With the unstable development of computerized information, de-duplication procedures are generally utilized to reinforcement information and minimize system and capacity overhead by recognizing and taking out excess among information. Rather than keeping various information duplicates with the same substance, de-duplication takes out repetitive information by keeping stand out physical duplicate and alluding other excess information to that duplicate. De-duplication has gotten much consideration from both the scholarly world and industry in light of the fact that it can significantly enhances stockpiling usage and spare storage room, particularly for the applications with high de-duplication proportion, for example, archival capacity frameworks. Various de-duplication frameworks have been proposed taking into account different de-duplication methodologies, for example, customer side or server-side de-duplications, record level or square level de-duplications. Particularly, with the approach of distributed storage, information de-duplication systems turn out to be more alluring and discriminating for the administration of always expanding volumes of information in distributed storage administrations which inspires endeavors and associations to outsource information stockpiling

Do women with benign versus malignant ovarian masses demonstrate variable clinical presentation?

Background: Early diagnosis of ovarian tumors is a challenge due to variable presentation. Early diagnosis of ovarian cancers aids in timely management and better clinical outcomes. Aim of study was to determine the different clinical presentations of ovarian tumors and compare those in benign tumors versus malignancies.Methods: Clinical data of all women operated for ovarian masses was extracted from case files at a tertiary care centre and evaluated and clinical features compared in women with benign versus malignant tumors.  Results: We found 50 cases of ovarian tumors with 26% malignancies. The mean age was 38.48+14.9 years. Malignancies were significantly common in menopausal than menstruating (χ2=13.57, p=0.001, fishers exact). Pain was the commonest symptom and combined lumbar and iliac pain was reported in 67% cases. The location of pain was not significantly different in women with malignancy compared to those with benign tumors (likelihood ratio χ2=7.93, p=0.24). The odds of reporting a mass in abdomen were significantly greater in women with cancers than benign tumors (OR= 4.9, 95%CI 1.07-24.06, p=0.01). More women with cancer had history of distension of abdomen compared to women with benign tumors (χ2=9.43, p=0.002).Conclusions: Lumbar pain is most frequent complaint in women with ovarian pathology. Symptoms of distension in abdomen or presence of lump in abdomen are a significant guide to alert the physician regarding possibility of malignancy must be evaluated without delay

Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papilloma virus in cervical samples of young married women: a hospital based prospective cross-sectional study

Background: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the cervical samples of young married women at a tertiary care hospital in Chhattisgarh. A prospective cross-sectional observational study was performed in married women, aged 18 to 30 years.Methods: Relevant history was noted and cervical samples were collected and tested for HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data was compiled to calculate the prevalence of HPV and the genotypic distribution.Results: The overall prevalence of HPV in this study was 22.73% and that of type 16 and 18 either alone or in combination with other subtypes was 17.26%. They were the commonest subtypes. HPV positivity was inversely related to education levels (Chi square, p=0.05). There was a significant difference in parity of women testing positive for HPV versus those negative for HPV (one tailed Pr (t<t)=0.03, 95% CI=1.445 to 1,865 at 108 degrees of freedom). No difference was observed between education and socio economic levels of positive versus negative women. Type 16 and 18 accounted for 76% of all HPV subtypes detected.Conclusions: The prevalence of HPV infection is high in Indian women. The high risk oncogenic types are the commonest subtypes. There is an urgent need to screen for the presence of high risk HPV infections in younger women so that they may be followed up more closely to prevent cervical cancers

Improving Performance of Primary System Storage using Data Deduplication

With the insecure improvement of mechanized data, de-duplication techniques are by and large used to fortification data and limit framework and limit overhead by perceiving and taking out overabundance among data. Instead of keeping different data copies with a similar substance, de-duplication takes out dull data by keeping emerge physical copy and suggesting different abundance data to that copy. De-duplication has become much thought from both the insightful world and industry in light of the way that it can altogether upgrades stockpiling use and extra storage space, especially for the applications with high de-duplication extent, for instance, recorded limit systems. Different de-duplication structures have been proposed considering distinctive de-duplication strategies, for instance, client side or server-side de-duplications, record level or square level de-duplications. Especially, with the approach of conveyed stockpiling, data de-duplication frameworks end up being all the more appealing and segregating for the organization of continually growing volumes of data in dispersed stockpiling organizations which motivates attempts and relationship to outsource data stockpiling

Enrichment and isolation of microbial strains degrading bioplastic polyvinyl alcohol and time course study of their degradation potential

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) degrading bacterial strains were isolated from various environmental sites richin plastic wastes by using the enrichment culture technique. Among the various isolated strains, theselected potent PVA degrading bacterial strains were tentatively characterized as Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp. The time course of the PVA degradation potential of the characterized strains in growth media containing PVA as a major carbon source was evaluated using the spectropho-tometric assay method. This was done by determining the residual PVA remaining in the culture media, increase in cell growth and change in pH of the media over a period of twenty days. The ultimate biodegradation (mineralization) of PVA to its mineral constituents CO2 and H2O was determined by the CO2 evolution test. The strain characterized as Bacillus sp. showed 65% of PVA degradation as determined by spectrophotometric assay and 45.4% of mineralization of PVA over a period of 20 days. The strain characterized as Pseudomonas sp. showed 42% of PVA degradation as determined by spectrophotometric assay and 28.9% of mineralization of PVA over a period of 20 days.Key words: Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) degrading bacteria, isolation, ultimate biodegradation, mineralization

Mechanism of ciprofloxacin resistance in Shigella dysenteriae

Bacterial resistance to quinolones has emerged rapidly and such resistance has traditionally been attributed to the chromosomally mediated mechanisms that alter the quinolone targets and/or overproduce multidrug resistance efflux pumps. In the present investigation possible mechanism of ciprofloxacin (Cp) resistance in Shigella dysenteriae was studied. While the growth of sensitive S. dysenteriae was completely inhibited at 1 μg /ml concentration of ciprofloxacin, the resistant strain tolerated even 10 μg /ml concentration of ciprofloxacin. Mechanism of resistance was found to be the presence of plasmid.Keywords: Ciprofloxacin, Shigella dysenteriae, quinolone, plasmid, Resistance, SDS.African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(41), pp. 6025-603

Assessment of the Relationship Between Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Promoter Gene Polymorphism and Chronic Periodontitis

Objective: To evaluate the association of MMP-9 promoter gene polymorphism in generalized chronic periodontitis patients of an Indian population. Material and Methods: Eighty patients were selected and divided into case and control groups (n=40). Patients included were aged 15-60 years of both genders and diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Peripheral venous blood samples were obtained, and genomic DNA was isolated by a 'salting out' method. Three possible genotypes were distinguished by three distinct banding patterns, depending on the presence or absence of the Sph I restriction site: CC as allele 1, TT as allele 2, and CT, respectively. Statistical analysis was carried out by applying the Chi-squared test and One-way ANOVA. Results: There was a significant difference in MMP-9 genotypes between Chronic periodontitis patients and healthy controls. Odds ratios for CT genotype and combination of CT and TT genotypes were 3.125 (95% confidence interval, p=0.028) and 3.667 (95% confidence interval, p=0.006) relative to subjects with CC genotype, respectively. Conclusion: The present study revealed an association of MMP-9 (-1562 C/T) gene polymorphism with generalised chronic periodontitis