SIMILE BETWEEN THE MODUS OPERANDI OF ANALGESIA OF TRAMADOL AND POISON OAK (RHUS TOXICODENDRON) ON FIBROMYALGIA

Fibromyalgia is a disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep, memory and mood issues. Symptoms sometimes begin after a physical trauma, surgery, infection or significant psychological stress. In other cases, symptoms gradually accumulate over time with no single triggering event.Women are much more likely to develop fibromyalgia than are men. Many people who have fibromyalgia also have tension headaches, temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety and depression.Fibromyalgia is one of the most common chronic pain conditions. The disorder affects an estimated 10 million people in the U.S. and an estimated 3-6% of the world population. While it is most prevalent in women - 75-90 percent of the people who have fibromyalgia are women - it also occurs in men and children of all ethnic groups. The disorder is often seen in families, among siblings or mothers and their children. The diagnosis is usually made between the ages of 20 to 50 years, but the incidence rises with age so that by age 80, approximately 8% of adults meet the American College of Rheumatology classification of fibromyalgia.While there is no cure for fibromyalgia, a variety of medications can help control symptoms. In general, treatments for fibromyalgia include both medication and self-care. The emphasis is on minimizing symptoms and improving general health. Medications can help reduce the pain of fibromyalgia and improve sleep. Common choices include: Analgesics (Tramadol). In this article we like to discuss on the similarity of action between the analgesic medicine (Tramadol) and the homoeopathic medicine Poison oak (Rhus toxicodendron) on fibromyalgia from the aetiopathogenetic point of view. Poison oak, a wild growing plant of the anacardiacea family is widely distributed and easily accessible and also a very common Homoeopathic remedy as Rhus toxicodendron

Elucidating the mechanism of nucleation near the gas-liquid spinodal

We have constructed a multidimensional free energy surface of nucleation of the liquid phase from the parent supercooled and supersaturated vapor phase near the gas-liquid spinodal. In particular, we remove the Becker-Doring constraint of having only one growing cluster in the system. Close to the spinodal, the free energy, as a function of the size of the largest cluster, develops surprisingly a minimum at a subcritical cluster size. It is this minimum at intermediate size that is found to be responsible for the barrier towards further growth of the nucleus at large supersaturation. An alternative free energy pathway involving the participation of many subcritical clusters is found near the spinodal where the growth of the nucleus is promoted by a coalescence mechanism. The growth of the stable phase becomes collective and spatially diffuse, and the significance of a 'critical nucleus' is lost for deeper quenches

Universal power law in the orientational relaxation in thermotropic liquid crystals

We observe a surprisingly general power law decay at short to intermediate times in orientational relaxation in a variety of model systems (both calamitic and discotic, and also discrete) for thermotropic liquid crystals. As all these systems transit across the isotropic-nematic phase boundary, two power law relaxation regimes, separated by a plateau, emerge giving rise to a step-like feature (well-known in glassy liquids) in the single-particle second-rank orientational time correlation function. In contrast to its probable dynamical origin in supercooled liquids, we show that the power law here can originate from the thermodynamic fluctuations of the orientational order parameter, driven by the rapid growth in the second-rank orientational correlation length.Comment: Submitted to Physical Review Letter

Gas-Liquid Nucleation in Two Dimensional System

We study the nucleation of the liquid phase from a supersaturated vapor in two dimensions (2D). Using different Monte Carlo simulation methods, we calculate the free energy barrier for nucleation, the line tension and also investigate the size and shape of the critical nucleus. The study is carried out at an intermediate level of supersaturation(away from the spinodal limit). In 2D, a large cut-off in the truncation of the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential is required to obtain converged results, whereas low cut-off (say, $2.5\sigma$ is generally sufficient in three dimensional studies, where $\sigma$ is the LJ diameter) leads to a substantial error in the values of line tension, nucleation barrier and characteristics of the critical cluster. It is found that in 2D, the classical nucleation theory (CNT) fails to provide a reliable estimate of the free energy barrier. It underestimates the barrier by as much as 70% at the saturation-ratio S=1.1 (defined as S=P/PC, where PC is the coexistence pressure at reduced temperature $T^{\star}= 0.427$). Interestingly, CNT has been found to overestimate the nucleation free energy barrier in three dimensional (3D)systems near the triple point. In fact, the agreement with CNT is worse in 2D than in 3D. Moreover, the existing theoretical estimate of the line tension overestimates the value significantly.Comment: 24 pages, 8 figure

Synthesis, spectroscopy and structural elucidation of two new CoII and NiII complexes of pyrazole derived heterocyclic Schiff base ligand as potential anticancer and photocatalytic agents

Dr. Arunima Biswas has received research grant from West Bengal DBT, vide grant no. (676/(Sanc.)/BT/(Estt.)/RD27/2016).Two new complexes I and II of general composition, [ML3]X2.nH2O (where, M = CoII and NiII for I and II, respectively, L = MPAFA, X = Br and n = 2) were synthesized from a pyrazolyl Schiff base ligand, MPAFA (L). I and II were characterised through several physico-chemical and spectroscopic techniques, viz., C, H, N analyses, estimation of metal contents, conductance and magnetic susceptibility measurements, IR, electronic and fluorescence spectral studies. Both the reported coordination complexes were cationic in nature and behaved as 1:2 electrolytes. According to IR spectra, each of the MPAFA molecule coordinated to the metal centres via the azomethine nitrogen and the pyrazolyl tertiary nitrogen atoms. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of I and II had established a N6 donor set with a distorted octahedral structure for both the cases. Both the complexes exhibited some non-covalent interactions, like π…π stacking, H-bonding contacts etc. L, I and II had also been found to possess fluorescence property. Anticancer activities of L, I and II had been investigated and it was found that both the complexes I and II were stronger cytotoxic agents against the breast cancer cell line MCF7 than the primary ligand system; while all of them (L, I and II) were less toxic against a non-cancerous cell line HEK293. All the compounds had shown potential photocatalytic activity in degrading methylene-blue (MB).Peer reviewe

Filamentation without intensity clamping

We present measurements of the supercontinuum emission (SCE) from ultrashort Ti:Saph laser pulse filamentation in air in a tightly focused geometry. The spectral broadening of SCE indicates that peak intensities exceed the clamping value of a few 1013 W/cm2 obtained for filamentation in a loose focusing geometry by at least one order of magnitude. We provide an interpretation for this regime of filamenation without intensity clamping

Quasi mono-energetic heavy ion acceleration from layered targets

In the present work, we demonstrate acceleration of quasi monoenergetic heavy ions during the interaction of a high-intensity short-pulse laser with multi-layer targets. The targets, consisting of layers of high-Z (gold) and low-Z (carbon) species a few nm thick, have been used to tailor the energy spectra of the high-Z ion species. Au-ion bunches of energy around 500 keV with an energy spread of less than 20% are observed. Particle-in-cell simulations provide explanation for a number of features of the experimental observations. Several behaviors, in addition to the expected sheath-field acceleration, were found to be involved. It is found that the Au layer is pistoned outward by the underlying Si substrate whilst simultaneously being tamped at its leading edge by the carbon overlay. The simulations show best agreement with the experiments when the carbon layer is first rarefied by the laser prepulse. In these cases, the simulations reproduce the double-humped spectra found in the experiment. Ion-electrostatic instabilities rapidly lead to the formation of a single trapping-like structure in phase space of relatively long wavelength. This long-lived structure dominates the ion acceleration and produces a double-peaked energy spectrum. It is suggested that the instability responsible may be of the Pierce-type