A decoupled recursive approach for constrained flexible multibody system dynamics

A variational-vector calculus approach is employed to derive a recursive formulation for dynamic analysis of flexible multibody systems. Kinematic relationships for adjacent flexible bodies are derived in a companion paper, using a state vector notation that represents translational and rotational components simultaneously. Cartesian generalized coordinates are assigned for all body and joint reference frames, to explicitly formulate deformation kinematics under small deformation kinematics and an efficient flexible dynamics recursive algorithm is developed. Dynamic analysis of a closed loop robot is performed to illustrate efficiency of the algorithm

Molecular separation by thermosensitive hydrogelmembranes

A new method for separation of molecules of different size is presented. The method is a useful addition to conventional separation methods which depend mainly on gel permeation chromatography using size exclusion. In the new method, hydrogel membranes are used which swelling level can be thermally controlled. In this study, a crosslinked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide¿co-butylmethacrylate 95:5mol%) membrane is used and three solutes of distinct molecular size: two dextrans with molecular weights of 150,000 and 4,400 g/mol respectively and uranine with a molecular weight of 376 g/mol. The swelling of the membranes as function of temperature was measured as well as the influence of the swelling level on the permeability of the three solutes. the influence of the swelling level and the solute size on the permeability was as expected from the free-volume theory. Based on these permeability phenomena, separation was performed in a continuous way by varying the membrane swelling at the appropriate time. A linear relationship between inverse membrane hydration and solute diffusion was found for uranine and dextran (MW=4,400), indicating the validity of the free-volume theory

Formation of Warped Disks by Galactic Fly-by Encounters. I. Stellar Disks

Warped disks are almost ubiquitous among spiral galaxies. Here we revisit and test the `fly-by scenario' of warp formation, in which impulsive encounters between galaxies are responsible for warped disks. Based on N-body simulations, we investigate the morphological and kinematical evolution of the stellar component of disks when galaxies undergo fly-by interactions with adjacent dark matter halos. We find that the so-called `S'-shaped warps can be excited by fly-bys and sustained for even up to a few billion years, and that this scenario provides a cohesive explanation for several key observations. We show that disk warp properties are governed primarily by the following three parameters; (1) the impact parameter, i.e., the minimum distance between two halos, (2) the mass ratio between two halos, and (3) the incident angle of the fly-by perturber. The warp angle is tied up with all three parameters, yet the warp lifetime is particularly sensitive to the incident angle of the perturber. Interestingly, the modeled S-shaped warps are often non-symmetric depending on the incident angle. We speculate that the puzzling U- and L-shaped warps are geometrically superimposed S-types produced by successive fly-bys with different incident angles, including multiple interactions with a satellite on a highly elongated orbit.Comment: 16 pages, 13 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in Ap

Heparin release from thermosensitive hydrogels

Thermosensitive hydrogels (TSH) were synthesized and investigated as heparin releasing polymers for the prevention of surface induced thrombosis. TSH were synthesized with N-isopropyl acrylamide (NiPAAm) copolymerized with butyl methacrylate (BMA) (hydrophobic) or acrylic acid (AAc) (hydrophilic) comonomers. The incorporation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic comonomers strongly influences the swelling/shrinking behavior of TSH. Upon deswelling, gels containing the hydrophobic comonomer formed a skin-type layer, which acted as a rate controlling membrane, while the hydrophilic comonomer greatly increased gel swelling, relative to NiPAAm. Equilibrium swelling in isotonic PBS and deswelling kinetics of the synthesized gels were examined at various temperatures. The loading of heparin into the different gels was studied as a function of temperature, solution concentration, and gel composition. The release kinetics of heparin was found to be influenced by gel composition and loading temperature; the release correlated with the gel deswelling kinetics. In the case of Ni-PAAm/BMA gel, the release profile of heparin was affected by temperature dependent properties of the skin-type diffusional barrier formed on the gel surface

Development of Nanocomposite Powders for the SLS Process to Enhance Mechanical Properties

In an effort to fabricate prototypes with improved mechanical properties in the dual laser sintering process, functionalized graphite nanoplatelets were added to the PA-12 powder to produce a nanocomposite powder. The PA-12 powder was chosen as the matrix polymer because it has features conducive to laser sintering such as relatively low melting temperature and high mechanical properties. The GNPs were oxidized through a nitric acid treatment to improve the interfacial bonding. The resulting nanocomposite powder was layered and sintered by laser without any sign of agglomeration. Although the result is preliminary, it nevertheless shows the suitability of the nanocomposite powder for the laser sintering process.Mechanical Engineerin

Release of macromolecules from albumin-heparin microspheres

Hydrophilic microspheres based on albumin-heparin conjugates have been prepared as a macromolecular delivery system. The soluble albumin-heparin conjugate was synthesized and crosslinked in a water-in-oil emulsion with glutaraldehyde to form microspheres in the same manner as for albumin microsphere preparation. The microspheres were characterized in terms of their size and swelling properties. The loading of macromolecules into albumin-heparin microspheres was carried out concurrently and after microsphere preparation. FITC-dextran was applied as a model macromolecule. A higher loading content was achieved when loading was carried out concurrently with microsphere preparation than when loaded subsequently. Prolonged release of FITC-dextran from albumin-heparin microspheres was achieved and attributed to the high molecular weight of the macromolecule. The release of FITC-dextran was modulated by crosslinking density, loading content and the method of drug incorporation. Apparently, the mechanism of FITC-dextran release from albumin-heparin microspheres was dependent on the method of drug incorporation. For release of FITC-dextran from the microspheres, assuming negligible interactions, a diffusion coefficient of 1.7 × 10¿9 cm2/s was determined

Release of proteins via ion exchange from albumin-heparin microspheres

Albumin-heparin and albumin microspheres were prepared as ion exchange gels for the controlled release of positively charged polypeptides and proteins. The adsorption isotherms of chicken egg and human lysozyme, as model proteins, on microspheres were obtained. An adsorption isotherm of chicken egg lysozyme on albumin-heparin microspheres was linear until saturation was abruptly reached,\ud \ud The adsorption isotherms of human lysozyme at low and high ionic strength were typical of adsorption isotherms of proteins on ion exchange gels. The adsorption of human lysozyme on albumin-heparin and albumin microspheres fit the Freundlich equation suggesting heterogeneous binding sites. This was consistent with the proposed multivalent, electrostatic interactions between human lysozyme and negatively charged microspheres. Scatchard plots of the adsorption processes of human lysozyme on albumin-heparin and albumin microspheres suggested negative cooperativity, while positive cooperativity was observed for chicken egg lysozyme adsorption on albumin-heparin microspheres.\ud \ud Human lysozyme loading of albumin-heparin microspheres was 3 times higher than with albumin microspheres, with long term release occurring via an ion exchange mechanism. Apparent diffusion coefficients of 2.1 × 10-1 and 3.9 × 10-11cm2/sec were obtained for the release of human lysozyme from albumin-heparin and albumin microspheres, respectively. The release was found to be independent of diffusion, since the rate determining step was likely an adsorption/desorption processes. An apparent diffusion coefficient of 4.1 × 10-12 cm2/sec was determined for the release of chicken egg lysozyme from albumin-heparin microspheres.\ud \ud Low release of the lysozymes from albumin-heparin microspheres was observed in deionized water, consistent with the proposed ion exchange release mechanism. Overall, albumin-heparin microspheres demonstrated enhanced ion exchange characteristics over albumin microspheres