Ethyl 4-(4-bromo­phen­yl)-6-(4-ethoxy­phen­yl)-2-oxocyclo­hex-3-enecarboxyl­ate

The title compound, C23H23BrO4, is an inter­mediate in the synthesis of fused heterocycles. In the title mol­ecule, the cyclo­hexene ring has a distorted half-chair conformation. The bromo­phenyl ring and the mean plane of the cyclo­hexene ring form a dihedral angle of 13.8 (3)°, whereas the benzene and cyclo­hexene rings are approximately perpendicular [88.44 (17)°]. There are only weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­molecular inter­actions

Evaluation and toxicological quantification of undeclared allopathics and adulterated synthetic steroids in herbal antihypertensive preparations

Purpose: To evaluate raw and finished dosage form of herbal antihypertensives for quantification of undeclared allopathic contents and synthetic steroids adulteration in each unit and in total daily dose.Methods: Analysis of herbal products for allopathic drugs adulteration was carried out using HPLC techniques. The methods were reproduced with optimized extraction and chromatographic conditions. Calibration curves were reconstructed for validation purposes.Results: The herbal products were adulterated with various synthetic drugs. The concentrations (mean ± SD) were: atenolol (50.06 ± 1.20 mg/unit dose),  propranolol (20.30 ± 0.44 mg/unit dose, 28.26 ± 0.06 mg/unit dose, 15.40 ± 1.58 mg/unit dose), ACE inhibitors i.e. captopril (52.99 ± 0.49 mg/unit dose) and frusemide (42.02 ± 0.88 mg/unit dose). For the synthetic steroids, the levels (mean ± SD) were prednisolone (13.67 ± 0.50 mg/unit dose), methyl prednisolone (4.18 ± 0.02 mg/unit dose), betamethasone (0.56 ± 0.06 mg/unit dose) and dexamethasone (1.75 ± 0.11 mg/unit dose).Conclusion: Administration of adulterated remedies can cause severe toxicity and is a serious safety concerns for public health. Therefore, to maximize consumer safety, appropriate rules and regulations should be developed for registration of herbal remedies.Keywords: Herbal medicines, Adulterants, Allopathic drugs, Synthetic steroid

PHARMACEUTICAL EVALUATION AND TOXICOLOGICAL QUANTIFICATION OF HEAVY METALS AND ADULTERATED ALLOPATHIC CONTENTS IN RAWAND FINISHED DOSAGE FORM OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE HERBAL PRODUCTS

Background: Herbal products of questionable quality create major concern for human population since their production is often not controlled and regulated. Material and Methods: Antihypertensive herbal products were subjected to pharmaceutical quality control parameters specified in Pharmacopoeias, toxic quantification of heavy metals by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer and adulterated allopathic contents were quantified using advanced HPLC techniques. Results: A lot of variations in pharmaceutical parameters like moisture contents and LOD% values were observed. Also deviations to a greater extent in weight variation, (P1, P2, P6, P12, P16, P17, P19, and P20), and hardness of the tablets of products (P1, P3, P8 and P11) were found. Friability of tablets of the Products (P3, P9 and P11) was found failed. Heavy metals i-e Fe (1597.20ppm, 1648ppm) in P5, P9, Pb (61.32ppm, 16.59 ppm) in P5, Cr (96.91ppm ,108.48 ppm) in P4, P14, Cd (39.53ppm, 32.31 ppm) in P11, P12, Cu (28.22ppm, 21.04 ppm) in P15, P17, Zn (80.31ppm,76.27 ppm) in P15, P16, Ni (45.46ppm,22.18ppm) in P9, P13 in toxic concentrations were detected. Adulterated allopathic contents of Amlpdopine in higher quantities, administered according to manufacturer dose were found in P12 (20.30 mg/day), Verapamil in P2 (93.50 mg/day), Nifedipine (38.65 mg/day) in P6. Products P4, P5 and P7 were found to have a combination of Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide and higher concentrations were found in P5 (10.72 mg/day, 24.75 mg/day). Conclusion:. The antihypertensive herbal products contained different kind of adulterants. Our findings suggest that effective regulatory measures should be put in place to address this problem. This will help to decrease the toxic effects of these remedies and increase the commercialization, internationalization and harmonization of antihypertensive herbal products

2-[5-(4-Hydroxy­phen­yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]phenol

The title compound, C21H16N2O2, was derived from 1-(2-hydroxy­phen­yl)-3-(4-methoxy­phen­yl)propane-1,3-dione. The pyrazole ring and one of the hydr­oxy-substituted benzene rings are approximately coplanar, forming a dihedral angle of 7.5 (3)°. The relative conformation of these rings may be influenced by an intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving different hydr­oxy groups of symmetry-related mol­ecules form extended chains along [201]

3-(4-Ethoxy­benzo­yl)propionic acid

The title compound, C12H14O4, is an important inter­mediate in the synthesis of biologically active heterocyclic compounds. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules. There are also C—H⋯π contacts between the benzene ring and the methyl­ene groups

Ethyl 6-(4-ethoxy­phen­yl)-4-(furan-2-yl)-2-oxocyclo­hex-3-ene-1-carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C21H22O5, was prepared by NaOH-catalysed cyclo­condensation of 3-(4-ethoxy­phen­yl)-1-(furan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one with ethyl acetoacetate. In the crystal, C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π inter­actions link the mol­ecules. In the title mol­ecule, the furan and cyclo­hexene rings are almost parallel [6.77 (11)°] and the cyclo­hexene ring is approximately perpendicular to the benzene ring [84.79 (5)°]

2-[3-(4-Methoxyphen­yl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]phenol

The title compound, C22H18N2O2, was derived from 1-(2-hydroxy­phen­yl)-3-(4-methoxy­phen­yl)propane-1,3-dione. The central pyrazole ring forms dihedral angles of 16.83 (5), 48.97 (4) and 51.68 (4)°, respectively, with the methoxy­phenyl, phenyl and hydroxy­phenyl rings. The crystal packing is stabilized by O—H⋯N hydrogen bonding

2,2′-(1-Phenyl-1H-pyrazole-3,5-di­yl)diphenol

The title compound, C21H16N2O2, was derived from 1-(2-hydroxy­phen­yl)-3-(-methoxy­phen­yl)propane-1,3-dione. The mol­ecular structure of the title compound is stabilized by an intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond. The dihedral angle between the hydroxy­phenyl ring involved in this intra­molecular hydrogen bond and the pyrazole ring is significantly smaller [10.07 (6)°] than the dihedral angle between the pyrazole and the other hydroxy­phenyl ring [36.64 (5)°]. The benzene ring makes a dihedral angle of 54.95 (3)° with the pyrazole ring. The crystal packing is stabilized by O—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds

Nigella sativa provides protection against metabolic syndrome

The seeds of Nigella sativa have been used in folk medicine all over the world. The plant has been of interest due to its low degree of toxicity and beneficial pharmacological properties like antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, antioxidant, along with significant anti-neuplastic activities. The present clinical study was undertaken to ascertain the adjuvant effect of Nigella seeds on various clinical and biochemical parameters of metabolic syndrome. After final diagnosis and considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, one hundred and fifty nine patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into two groups. In Group I (standard group), patients were advised to take simvastatin 10 mg once a day, metformin 500 mg twice a day, Enalapril 10 mg once a day, Atenolol 50 mg once a day and clopidagrel 75 mg once a day for a period of six weeks. In Group II (Nigella seeds group), patients were advised the above standard medication plus Nigella seeds 250 mg twice daily for a period of six weeks. Blood sugar both fasting and postprandial, fasting lipid profile and different parameters of obesity were recorded before therapy and after completion of therapy. It was found that the addition of Nigella seeds provide beneficial effects in all the clinical and biochemical parameters for the adult’s treatment panel-III of metabolic disorders especially in fasting blood sugar, low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins. No sign of toxicity of the plant appeared in the Group II. Improvement in all other parameters like blood pressure, circumference of waist and serum triglyceride was also observed. Thus, Nigella seeds were found to be effective as an adjuvant therapy in patients of dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia.Keywords: Nigella sativa, toxicity, hyperglycemia, adjuvant, antihistaminic, antioxidant, patient

Fabrication of a colorimetric sensor using acetic acid-capped drug-mediated copper oxide nanoparticles for nitrite biosensing in processed food

Nitrite (NO2 −) and nitrate (NO3 −) are frequently used in cured meat products as preservatives, as they give a better taste and work well in color fixation. As a key possible carcinogen, excessive dietary consumption of NO2 − in cured meat products would be bad for health. Herein, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using the drug Augmentin as a reducing and capping agent. The desired synthesis of CuO NPs was confirmed by various characterization techniques, including UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The new approach of drug-mediated acetic acid-capped CuO NPs was developed for simple colorimetric detection of nitrite ions in a mimic solution of processed food. The color of the detection system changes from brown to yellow with the increase in the concentration of NO2 − and has been observed with the naked eye. The selectivity of the NO2 − detection system by the UV–visible spectrum and the naked eye is compared to other ions, such as Br−, I−, Cl−1, PO4 −3, CO3 2−, and SO4 2−. The platform was successfully employed for the determination of nitrite in real samples. Moreover, this probe can be used for the sensitive detection of NO2 − with a linear range of 1 × 10−8 to 2.40 × 10−6 M, a detection limit of 2.69 × 10−7 M, a limit of quantification 8.9 × 10−7 M, and a regression coefficient (R 2) of 0.997. Our results suggest that this sensor can be used for on-site analysis and quantification as well as in the fields of disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and food safety