Effects of exercise upon the incidence and development of cancer

Cancer is a disease responsible for millions of deaths annually around the world. Several studies with animals and human beings suggest that the practice of exercises is related to a reduction in the incidence of this disease. The objective of this work was to review the literature about the effects of exercise of different intensities upon the incidence and development of cancer. The review of literature demonstrated that in spite of considerable evidences about a possible benefit effect of physical exercise (mainly moderate) in relationship to cancer, like the reduction of its evidence, there are yet, many controversial features about this subject. This problem occurs mainly due to the fact that the major part of studies are of a epidemiological type. Finally, we concluded that more precise knowledge will only be obtained with the conduction of studies that control factors like intensity and duration of exerciseO câncer é uma doença responsável por milhões de mortes anualmente no mundo. Diversos estudos realizados em animais e em seres humanos sugerem que a prática de exercícios pode estar relacionada a redução da incidência dessa doença. O objetivo desse trabalho foi revisar a literatura sobre os efeitos do exercício de diferentes intensidades sobre o surgimento e o desenvolvimento do câncer. A revisão cuidadosa da literatura demonstrou que embora existam evidências consideráveis sobre um possível efeito benéfico do exercício físico (principalmente moderado) sobre o câncer, como a redução de sua incidência, ainda há inúmeras controvérsias quanto ao assunto. Tais controvérsias ocorrem principalmente devido ao fato de que a maior parte dos estudos sobre o assunto ser do tipo epidemiológico. Finalmente, concluiu-se que conhecimentos mais precisos só serão obtidos a partir da realização de estudos que apresentem controle rigoroso de fatores como a intensidade e a duração do exercíci

Effect of swimming training on the cardiovascular system in normotensive rats

Resting bradycardia is considered to be a good marker of exercise training (ET) adaptation. However, the time course to heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) responses occur during the exercise training period has not been clarified yet. Therefore, we studied 16 male normotensive Wistar rats. Eight rats were exercise trained (T) for 8 weeks, at a low intensity swimming protocol and 8 were kept sedentary (S). Systolic blood pressure and heart rate were measured two times per week during ET period by caudal measurements. The signal was recorded on a beat-to-beat basis (AT/CODAS) at a frequency of 100 Hz for 30 min in quiet and conscious rats. After ET, an arterial cannula was implanted for direct BP measurements and resting HR was studied using subcutaneously implanted electrodes. After BP and HR measurements, the rats were sacrificed and cardiac chambers were weighed in order to evaluate the cardiac hypertrophy. Maximal citrate synthase activity was measured in the soleus muscle to evaluate the oxidative muscle adaptation. Blood pressure was not changed by swimming training in normotensive rats. As expected, the resting HR was lower in T than in S rats (355±16 vs. 330±20 bpm). We observed increased left ventricle weight/body weight ratio in T rats (1.95 vs. 2.20 g/gBW) which represented 13% of left ventricle hypertrophy in T rats. The maximal citrate synthase activity increased 52% in the T rats. It was concluded that the swimming training for rats is a good experimental model to study the cardiovascular adaptations to dynamic exercise trainin

HORMONAL RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT RESISTANCE EXERCISE SCHEMES OF SIMILAR TOTAL VOLUME

Uchida, MC, Crewther, BT, Ugrinowitsch, C, Bacurau, RFP, Moriscot, AS, and Aoki, MS. J Strength Cond Res 23(7): 2003-2008, 2009-This study assessed the effect of different resistance exercise scheme (RES) designs of similar total of load lifted on the responses of testosterone, cortisol, and creatine kinase (CK). Twenty-seven healthy males performed 1 of 4 bench press workouts described by the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) load: 4 sets of maximum repetitions at 50%-1RM (50%-1RM RES), 5 sets of maximum repetitions at 75%-1RM (75%-1RM RES), 10 sets of maximum repetitions at 90%-1RM (90%1RM RES), or 8 sets of maximum repetitions at 110%-1RM (110%-1RM RES). Each RES was equated by the total volume of load lifted (repetitions x sets x load). Blood samples, collected pre-exercise (Pre) and post-exercise (Post) at 1 and 24 hours (24 h), were analyzed for total and free testosterone, total cortisol, and CK. In general, testosterone and cortisol showed little change within or between the different RES (p > 0.05), possibly because of the relatively low volume lifted and/ or the small muscle mass activated by the bench press exercise. Cortisol was elevated after the 75%-1RM RES at the Post sample, with this response also exceeding the other RES (p < 0.05). The 24 h CK response was also elevated after the 75%-1RM RES (p < 0.05), thereby suggesting greater training strain for the same volume of load. These results confirm previous recommendations regarding the prescription of resistance exercise and the importance of total volume as a stimulus for activating the endocrine system and achieving long-term adaptation.FAPESP[06/54683-8]Colegio Marista Arquidiocesano de Sao Paulo-ABE

Exercise prevents the effects of experimental arthritis on the metabolism and function of immune cells

Active lymphocytes (LY) and macrophages (M Phi) are involved in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Due to its anti-inflammatory effect. physical exercise may be beneficial in RA by acting on the immune system (IS) Thus, female Wistar rats with type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were submitted to swimming training (6 weeks. 5 days/week. 60 min/day) and some biochemical and immune parameters, such as the metabolism of glucose and glutamine and function of LY and M. were evaluated in addition, plasma levels of some hormones and of interleukin-2 (IL-2) were also determined Results demonstrate that CIA increased lymphocyte proliferation (1.9- and 1 7-fold, respectively, in response to concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)), as well as macrophage H(2)O(2) production (1 6-fold), in comparison to control Exercise training prevented the activation of immune cells, induced by CIA. and established a pattern of substrate utilization similar to that described as normal for these cells. Exercise also promoted an elevation of plasma levels of corticosterone (22 2%), progesterone (1 7-fold) and IL-2 (2 6-fold) Our data suggest that chronic exercise is able to counterbalance the effects of CIA on cells of the IS. reinforcing the proposal that the benefits of exercise may not be restricted to aerobic capacity and/or strength improvement Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, LtdFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ São Paulo, Escola Artes Ciencias & Humanidades, BR-03828000 São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Inst Biomed Sci, BR-03828000 São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Sch Phys Educ & Sport, BR-03828000 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biophys, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biophys, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Clinical impact of an angiotensin I-converting enzyme insertion/deletion and kinin B2 receptor +9/-9 polymorphisms in the prognosis of renal transplantation

There is a consensus in the scientific literature that supports the importance of the kallikrein kinin and renin angiotensin systems in renal physiology, but few studies have investigated their importance after renal transplantation. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of the insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and the +9/-9 polymorphism in the kinin B2 receptor (B2R) gene in kidney-transplanted patients (n=215 ACE, n=203 B2R) compared with 443 healthy individuals. Demographic results showed that there is a higher frequency of the D allele (high plasma ACE activity) and +9 allele (lower B2R expression) in transplant patients compared with control individuals. We also observed a higher frequency of these alleles in patients who had an elevated level of plasma creatinine. At day 7 post-transplantation, we found a higher prevalence of individuals with the DD genotype with elevated plasma creatinine level. Furthermore, individuals with the DD genotype had a higher chronic allograft dysfunction and graft loss compared with the II patient genotype, which showed no loss of graft. Taken together, our data suggest that the DD genotype is an indicator of an unfavorable prognosis following renal transplantation and could be related to kinin modulation

Clinical impact of an angiotensin I-converting enzyme insertion/deletion and kinin B2 receptor +9/-9 polymorphisms in the prognosis of renal transplantation

There is a consensus in the scientific literature that supports the importance of the kallikrein kinin and renin angiotensin systems in renal physiology, but few studies have investigated their importance after renal transplantation. the aim of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of the insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and the +9/-9 polymorphism in the kinin B2 receptor (B2R) gene in kidney-transplanted patients (n=215 ACE, n=203 B2R) compared with 443 healthy individuals. Demographic results showed that there is a higher frequency of the D allele (high plasma ACE activity) and +9 allele (lower B2R expression) in transplant patients compared with control individuals. We also observed a higher frequency of these alleles in patients who had an elevated level of plasma creatinine. At day 7 post-transplantation, we found a higher prevalence of individuals with the DD genotype with elevated plasma creatinine level. Furthermore, individuals with the DD genotype had a higher chronic allograft dysfunction and graft loss compared with the II patient genotype, which showed no loss of graft. Taken together, our data suggest that the DD genotype is an indicator of an unfavorable prognosis following renal transplantation and could be related to kinin modulation.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fed Univ São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Biophys, São Paulo, BrazilFed Univ São Paulo UNIFESP, Lab Clin & Expt Immunol, Div Nephrol, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Sch Arts Sci & Humanities, São Paulo, BrazilHosp Israelita Albert Einstein, IIEP, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Lab Transplantat Immunobiol, Dept Immunol, Inst Biomed Sci 4, São Paulo, BrazilFed Univ São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Biophys, São Paulo, BrazilFed Univ São Paulo UNIFESP, Lab Clin & Expt Immunol, Div Nephrol, São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 12/02270-2FAPESP: 2010/52180-4Web of Scienc

CHRONIC CONVENTIONAL RESISTANCE EXERCISE REDUCES BLOOD PRESSURE in STAGE 1 HYPERTENSIVE MEN

Moraes, MR, Bacurau, RFP, Casarini, DE, Jara, ZP, Ronchi, FA, Almeida, SS, Higa, EMS, Pudo, MA, Rosa, TS, Haro, AS, Barros, CC, Pesquero, JB, Wurtele, M, and Araujo, RC. Chronic conventional resistance exercise reduces blood pressure in stage 1 hypertensive men. J Strength Cond Res 26(4): 1122-1129, 2012-To investigate the antihypertensive effects of conventional resistance exercise (RE) on the blood pressure (BP) of hypertensive subjects, 15 middle-aged (46 +/- 3 years) hypertensive volunteers, deprived of antihypertensive medication (reaching 153 +/- 6/93 +/- 2 mmHg systolic/diastolic BP after a 6-week medication washout period) were submitted to a 12-week conventional RE training program (3 sets of 12 repetitions at 60% 1 repetition maximum, 3 times a week on nonconsecutive days). Blood pressure was measured in all phases of the study (washout, training, detraining). Additionally, the plasma levels of several vasodilators or vasoconstrictors that potentially could be involved with the effects of RE on BP were evaluated pre- and posttraining. Conventional RE significantly reduced systolic, diastolic, and mean BP, respectively, by an average of 16 (p < 0.001), 12 (p < 0.01), and 13 mm Hg (p < 0.01) to prehypertensive values. There were no significant changes of vasoactive factors from the kallikrein-kinin or renin-angiotensin systems. After the RE training program, the BP values remained stable during a 4-week detraining period. Taken together, this study shows for the first time that conventional moderate-intensity RE alone is able to reduce the BP of stage 1 hypertensive subjects free of antihypertensive medication. Moreover, the benefits of BP reduction achieved with RE training remained unchanged for up to 4 weeks without exercise.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ Fed Univ São Paulo, Dept Biophys, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Mogi das Cruzes, Sch Phys Educ, Mogi Das Cruzes, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Sch Arts Sci & Humanities, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Nephrol, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Univ São Paulo, Dept Biophys, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Nephrol, São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 06/59081-6Web of Scienc

Melatonin improves insulin sensitivity independently of weight loss in old obese rats

In aged rats, insulin signaling pathway (ISP) is impaired in tissues that play a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis, such as liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Moreover, the aging process is also associated with obesity and reduction in melatonin synthesis from the pineal gland and other organs. the aim of the present work was to evaluate, in male old obese Wistar rats, the effect of melatonin supplementation in the ISP, analyzing the total protein amount and the phosphorylated status (immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting) of the insulin cascade components in the rat hypothalamus, liver, skeletal muscle, and periepididymal adipose tissue. Melatonin was administered in the drinking water for 8- and 12 wk during the night period. Food and water intake and fasting blood glucose remained unchanged. the insulin sensitivity presented a 2.1-fold increase both after 8- and 12 wk of melatonin supplementation. Animals supplemented with melatonin for 12 wk also presented a reduction in body mass. the acute insulin-induced phosphorylation of the analyzed ISP proteins increased 1.3- and 2.3-fold after 8- and 12 wk of melatonin supplementation. the total protein content of the insulin receptor (IR) and the IR substrates (IRS-1, 2) remained unchanged in all investigated tissues, except for the 2-fold increase in the total amount of IRS-1 in the periepididymal adipose tissue. Therefore, the known age-related melatonin synthesis reduction may also be involved in the development of insulin resistance and the adequate supplementation could be an important alternative for the prevention of insulin signaling impairment in aged organisms.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ São Paulo, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Inst Biomed Sci 1, BR-05508900 São Paulo, BrazilFed Univ São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Physiol, São Paulo, BrazilFed Univ São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Biol Sci, Diadema, SP, BrazilFed Univ São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Physiol, São Paulo, BrazilFed Univ São Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Biol Sci, Diadema, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Suplementação de carboidrato não reverte o efeito deletério do exercício de endurance sobre o subseqüente desempenho de força Suministrar carbohidratos no revierte el efecto destructivo del ejercicio de endurance sobre el subsiguiente desempeño de fuerza Carbohydrate supplementation fails to revert the deleterious effects of endurance exercise upon subsequent strength performance

Estudos disponíveis na literatura demonstram que a realização prévia de um exercício de endurance afeta de modo adverso o desempenho no exercício de força subseqüente. Tal ocorrência pode estar relacionada a mudanças metabólicas induzidas pelo exercício de endurance. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a ingestão de carboidrato (CHO) pode atenuar os efeitos de uma sessão aguda de exercício de endurance sobre o desempenho de força. A fim de testar essa hipótese, seis estudantes universitárias (164 ± 5,9cm; 64,9 ± 7,2kg), com experiência em treinamento de força, foram submetidas a um teste para a determinação do VO2pico (44 ± 4,3ml.min-1) e um teste de 1-RM para o leg press (186 ± 22,5kg) seguido de um teste de repetições máximas (duas séries de leg press realizado a 70% de 1-RM até exaustão 1ª série 21 ± 2,6 e 2ª série 11 ± 1,9 repetições) em dias diferentes. Seguindo um protocolo duplo-cego, os sujeitos foram submetidos a duas condições experimentais, recebendo uma bebida placebo (P) ou outra contendo carboidrato (6% - maltodextrina), antes (500ml) e durante (500ml) a realização de uma sessão de exercício de endurance (corrida em esteira 70% do VO2pico por 45 minutos). Em seguida ao exercício de endurance, os indivíduos realizaram um teste de 1-RM seguido pelo teste de repetições máximas. Não foram observadas mudanças no teste de 1-RM e na concentração plasmática de glicose entre as condições experimentais (P x CHO). O número de repetições máximas a 70%-1RM apresentou decréscimo nas duas situações (P 1ª série 13 ± 2,9 repetições e 2ª série 6 ± 2,1 repetições; CHO 1ª série 15 ± 2,5 repetições e 2ª série 7 ± 1,7 repetições, p < 0,05), não havendo diferença entre ambas. Uma sessão de exercício de endurance (intensidade moderada e longa duração) realizada previamente afeta de modo negativo a capacidade de realizar repetições máximas. Independente do mecanismo envolvido na redução do número de repetições máximas, o consumo de carboidrato foi incapaz de reverter esse efeito prejudicial.<br>Los estudios disponibles en la literatura demuestran que la realización previa de un ejercicio de endurance afecta de modo adverso el desempeño en el ejercicio de fuerza subsiguiente. Tal ocurrencia puede estar relacionada a cambios metabólicos inducidos por el ejercicio de endurance. Nuestro objetivo fue verificar si el ingerir carbohidratos (CHO) puede atenuar los efectos de una sesión aguda de ejercicio de endurance sobre el desempeño de fuerza. Con el fin de verificar esta hipótesis, 6 estudiantes universitarias (164 ± 5,9cm; 64,9 ± 7,2kg), con experiencia en entrenamiento de fuerza, fueron sometidas a un test para determinar el VO2pico (44 ± 4,3ml.min-1) y a un test de 1-RM para leg press (186 ± 22,5kg) seguido de un test de repeticiones máximas (2 series de leg press realizado a 70% de 1-RM hasta el cansancio 1ª serie 21 ± 2,6 y 2ª serie 11 ± 1,9 repeticiones) en días diferentes. Siguiendo un procedimiento doble-ciego los voluntarios fueron sometidos a dos condiciones experimentales, recibiendo una bebida placebo (P) u otra conteniendo carbohidratos (6% - maltodextrina), antes (500ml) y durante (500ml) la realización de una sesión de ejercicio de endurance (carrera en trotadores, 70% de VO2pico por 45 minutos). Después del ejercicio de endurance, los voluntarios realizaron un test de 1-RM seguido del test de repeticiones máximas. No se observaron cambios en el test de 1-RM o en la concentración plasmática de glicosis entre las condiciones experimentales (P x CHO). El número de repeticiones máximas a 70%-1RM presentó disminución en ambas situaciones (P 1ª serie 13 ± 2,9 reps y 2ª serie 6 ± 2,1 reps; CHO 1ª serie 15 ± 2,5 reps y 2ª serie 7 ± 1,7 reps, p < 0,05), no habiendo diferencia entre ellas. Una sesión de ejercicio de endurance (intensidad moderada) realizada previamente afecta de modo negativo la capacidad de repeticiones máximas. Independiente del mecanismo, el consumo de carbohidratos fue incapaz de revertir ese efecto perjudicial.<br>Previous studies indicated that endurance exercise might have an adverse effect on subsequent strength performance. The decrease in strength performance might be related to the changes promoted by endurance exercise in energy metabolism. Authors' aim was verify if carbohydrate (CHO) feeding can attenuate the effects of endurance exercise on strength development. To verify that hypothesis, six female university students (164 ± 5.9 cm; 64.9 ± 7.2 kg) with strength training experience were submitted to a VO2peak test (44 ± 4.3 ml.min-1) and an 1-RM test in the leg press (186 ± 22.5 kg) followed by a maximum repetitions test (2 sets of leg press exercise performed at 70% of 1-RM value until exhaustion, 1st set 21 ± 2.6 reps and 2nd set 11 ± 1.9 reps) in different days. In a double-blind design, the subjects were submitted to two different trials, receiving placebo (P) or CHO beverages (1 L of P or 6% maltodextrin solutions), 60 min before (500 ml) and during (500 ml) endurance exercise bout. These bouts were performed in a treadmill at 70% of VO2peak for 45 minutes. Subsequently, the subjects performed an 1-RM test followed by a maximum repetitions test. No changes were observed in 1-RM test. There was a similar decline in maximum repetitions test (an index of muscular endurance) in both trials (P - 1st set 13 ± 2.9 reps and 2nd set 6 ± 2.1 reps; CHO - 1st set 15 ± 2.5 reps and 2nd set 7 ± 1.7 reps, p < 0.05). Previous endurance exercise bout promoted deleterious effect upon muscular endurance task (maximum repetitions test - 70%-1-RM). CHO supplementation was inefficient to revert the effect of endurance exercise upon maximum repetitions test