Evidence-based Kernels: Fundamental Units of Behavioral Influence

This paper describes evidence-based kernels, fundamental units of behavioral influence that appear to underlie effective prevention and treatment for children, adults, and families. A kernel is a behavior–influence procedure shown through experimental analysis to affect a specific behavior and that is indivisible in the sense that removing any of its components would render it inert. Existing evidence shows that a variety of kernels can influence behavior in context, and some evidence suggests that frequent use or sufficient use of some kernels may produce longer lasting behavioral shifts. The analysis of kernels could contribute to an empirically based theory of behavioral influence, augment existing prevention or treatment efforts, facilitate the dissemination of effective prevention and treatment practices, clarify the active ingredients in existing interventions, and contribute to efficiently developing interventions that are more effective. Kernels involve one or more of the following mechanisms of behavior influence: reinforcement, altering antecedents, changing verbal relational responding, or changing physiological states directly. The paper describes 52 of these kernels, and details practical, theoretical, and research implications, including calling for a national database of kernels that influence human behavior

Effect of Unilateral Forced Nostril Breathing on Tonic Accommodation and Intraocular Pressure

BACKGROUND : Unilateral forced nostril breathing (UFNB) has specific measurable effects on the autonomic nervous system. Ocular accommodation, which is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, would be expected to be under the influence of UFNB when it is applied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of UFNB on the resting state of the accommodation system, i. e. tonic accommodation (TA), along with measures of intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure and heart rate. METHODS : TA levels were measured using the Shin-Nippon autorefractor before and after 20 minutes of UFNB. IOP, blood pressure and heart rate, which are known to be affected by UFNB, were also measured with a non-contact tonometer and an automated blood pressure monitor respectively. RESULTS : Right and left UFNB produced slight, but not significant changes in TA. However, there was a tendency for left UFNB to produce a greater decrease in TA in subjects with higher base-line TA levels. Right UFNB produced a statistically significant decrease in IOP while the effect of left UFNB on IOP was not significant. CONCLUSION : UFNB produced changes in IOP consistent with previous reports. As studied in this trial, UFNB did not have any significant effect on TA. Further studies using a larger sample size are required to investigate the effect of UFNB on the autonomic inputs to the ciliary muscle of the eye and the subsequent measures of tonic accommodation