15 research outputs found
Aspergillus westerdijkiae polyketide synthase gene âaoks1â is involved in the biosynthesis of ochratoxin A
OchratoxinA (OTA) is a potential nephrotoxic, teratogenic, immunogenic, hepatotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin, produced by Aspergillus westerdijkiae NRRL 3174. Herein we describe the characterization of a putative OTA-polyketide synthasegene âaoks1â, cloned by using gene walking approach. The predicted amino acid sequence of the 2 kb clone display 34â60% similarities to different polyketide synthasegenes including lovastatine biosynthesis gene âlovbâ in A. terreus, compactin biosynthesis gene âmlcAâ in Penicillium citrinum and OTA biosynthesis gene âotapksPNâ in P. nordicum. Based on the reverse transcription PCR and kinetic secondary metabolites production studies, aoks1 expression was found to be associated with OTA biosynthesis. Further a mutant, in which the aoks1gene was inactivated by Escherichia coli hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene, lost the capacity to produce OTA, but still producing mellein. To our knowledge this report describes for the first time characterization of a gene involved in OTA biosynthesis, with the information about mellein which was proposed in the literature to be an intermediate OTA. This study also suggests that aoks1 may be the second polyketide synthase gene required for OTA biosynthesis in A. westerdijkiae NRRL 3174
Characterization of a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene involved in the biosynthesis of geosmin in Penicillium expansum
Geosmin is a terpenoid, an earthy-smelling substance associated with off-flavors in water and wine. The biosynthesis of geosmin is well characterized in bacteria, but little is known about its production in eukaryotes, especially in filamentous fungi. The origin of geosmin in grapevine is largely attributable to the presence of Penicillium expansum on grapes. Herein, we describe the characterization of âgpe1â, a gene encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase probably involved in the biosynthesis of geosmin in this species. A gpe1knockout mutant of P. expansum M2230 lost the capacity to produce geosmin, while the genetically complemented mutant restored it. The deduced gpe1 protein sequence shows identities with other cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in diterpene biosynthesis. These enzymes catalyze the addition of hydroxyl groups to the diterpene compounds. gpe1protein could work in the same way, with sesquiterpenes as substrates. This gene seems to be only present in geosmin-producing Penicillium species. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of a fungal gene encoding an enzyme involved in geosmin biosynthesis
Cloning and characterization of novel methylsalicylic acid synthase gene involved in the biosynthesis of isoasperlactone and asperlactone in Aspergillus westerdijkiae
Aspergillus westerdijkiae is the main producer of several biologically active polyketide metabolites including isoasperlactone and asperlactone. A 5298 bp polyketide synthase gene ââaomsasâ has been cloned in Aspergillus westerdijkiae by using gene walking approach and RACE-PCR. The predicted amino acid sequence of aomsas shows an identity of 40â56% with different methylsalicylic acid synthase genes found in Byssochlamys nivea, P. patulum, A. terreus and Streptomyces viridochromogenes. Based on the reverse transcription PCR and kinetic secondary metabolites production studies, aomsas expression was found to be associated with the biosynthesis of isoasperlactone and asperlactone. Moreover an aomsas knockout mutant ââaoDmsasâ of A. westerdijkiae, not only lost the capacity to produce isoasperlactone and asperlactone,but also 6-methylsalicylic acid. The genetically complemented mutant ao+msas restored the biosynthesis of all the missing metabolites. Chemical complementation through the addition of 6-methylsalicylic acid, aspyrone and diepoxide to growing culture of aoDmsas mutant revealed that these compounds play intermediate roles in the biosynthesis of asperlactone and isoasperlactone
Caracterization of the polyketide synthases involved in biosynthesis of ochratoxin A, penicillic acid, asperlactone and isoasperlactone in aspergillus westerdijkiae (a molecular approach)
Aspergillus westerdijkiaem qui est rĂ©cemment dĂ©membrĂ© d'A. ochraceus est un producteur principal de plusieurs composĂ©s de type polycĂ©tone d'importance Ă©conomique. Ces composĂ©s incluent lâochratoxin A, mellein, l'acide penicillique, asperlactone et lâisoasperlactone et quelques intermĂ©diaires comme l'acide 6- methylsalicylique et lâacide orsellinique. La biosynthĂšse de ces mĂ©tabolites est catalysĂ©e par un groupe d'enzymes connues comme la polycĂ©tone synthases (PKSs). Ce travail a Ă©tĂ© visĂ© pour cloner et a caractĂ©risĂ© fonctionnellement les diffĂ©rentes genes des PKS i.e. aoks1, aolc35-12 et aomsas, et de genes de polyketide synthases-non ribosomal peptide synthase (PKS-NRPS) i.e. aolc35-6, chez A. westerdijkiae. Ces gĂšnes ont Ă©tĂ© inactivĂ©s par l'insertion du gĂšne dâhygromycine B phosphotransferase dâEscherichia coli dans le gĂ©nome d'A. westerdijkiae, pour obtenir les mutantes ao?ks1, ao?lc35-12, ao?msas et ao?lc35-6. Les mutants ao?ks1 et ao?lc35-12 ont Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©s dĂ©ficients dans la biosynthĂšse dâochratoxin A, mais produisaient encore mellein. Ă notre connaissance, câest la premiĂšre fois que nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© les gĂšnes impliquĂ©es dans la biosynthĂšse dâOTA, sachant que mellein, qui Ă©tait proposĂ© dans la littĂ©rature comme un intermĂ©diaire, joue a cune role dans la biosynthesis de l'OTA. Ensuite le mutant ao?msas n'a pas seulement perdu la capacitĂ© de produire isoasperlactone et asperlactone, mais aussi il ne produit pas lâintermĂ©diaire acide 6-methylsalicylique. BasĂ© sur les expĂ©riences de la caractĂ©risation gĂ©nĂ©tique et de complĂ©mentation chimiques, nous avons proposĂ© un shĂ©ma hypothĂ©tique de la biosynthĂšse dâasperlactone et isoasperlactone dans lequel l'acide 6-methylsalicylique, diepoxide et aspyrone jouent le rĂŽle dâintermĂ©diaires. La techniques de gĂšne knock-out et de la reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) ont montrĂ© que seulle gĂšne de type PKS-NRPS « aolc35-6 » identifiĂ© chez A. westerdijkiae codant pour un intermĂ©diaire inconnu(s) qui pourrait inciter l'expression de gĂšne aomsas et un gĂšne impliquĂ© dans la biosynthĂšse d'acide orsellinique et d'acide penicillique.Aspergillus westerdijkiaem which is recently dismembered from A. ochraceusm is the principal producer of several economically important polyketide metabolites. These metabolites include ochratoxin A, mellein, penicillic acid, asperlactone and isoasperlactone and some intermediates like orsellinic acid and 6-methylsalicylic acid. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is catalyzed by a group of enzymes known as polyketide synthases (PKSs). This work was aimed to clone and functionally characterized various PKS i.e. aoks1, aolc35-12 and aomsas, and polyketide synthasesnon ribosomal peptide synthase (PKS-NRPS) genes i.e. aolc35-6, in A. westerdijkiae. These genes were inactivated by the insertion of Escherichia coli hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene in the genome of A. westerdijkiae to obtain ao?ks1, ao?lc35-12, ao?msas and ao?lc35-6 mutants. ao?ks1, ao?lc35-12 mutants were found deficient in ochratoxin A biosynthesis but are still producing mellein. To our knowledge, we for the first time characterized a gene involved in OTA biosynthesis, with the information about mellein which was proposed in the literature to be an intermediate OTA. Further ao?msas mutant not only lost the capacity to produce isoasperlactone and asperlactone but also the intermediate nature product 6-methylsalicylic acid. Based on the genetic characterization and chemical complementation experiments, we have proposed a hypothetical pathway mentioning that 6-methylsalicylic acid, diepoxid and aspyrone are intermediates of isoasperlactone and asperlactone. Gene knockout technique and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) shown that the only PKS-NRPS gene aolc35-6 so far identified in A. westerdijkiae encoding certain unknown intermediate(s) which induces the expression of aomsas gene and a gene involved in the biosynthesis of orsellinic acid and penicillic acid
CaractĂ©risation des polycĂ©tones synthases intervenant dans la biosynthĂšse dâochratoxine A, dâacide pĂ©nicillique, dâasperlactone et dâisoasperlactone chez aspergillus westerdijkiae
Aspergillus westerdijkiaem which is recently dismembered from A. ochraceusm is the principal producer of several economically important polyketide metabolites. These metabolites include ochratoxin A, mellein, penicillic acid, asperlactone and isoasperlactone and some intermediates like orsellinic acid and 6-methylsalicylic acid. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is catalyzed by a group of enzymes known as polyketide synthases (PKSs). This work was aimed to clone and functionally characterized various PKS i.e. aoks1, aolc35-12 and aomsas, and polyketide synthasesnon ribosomal peptide synthase (PKS-NRPS) genes i.e. aolc35-6, in A. westerdijkiae. These genes were inactivated by the insertion of Escherichia coli hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene in the genome of A. westerdijkiae to obtain ao?ks1, ao?lc35-12, ao?msas and ao?lc35-6 mutants. ao?ks1, ao?lc35-12 mutants were found deficient in ochratoxin A biosynthesis but are still producing mellein. To our knowledge, we for the first time characterized a gene involved in OTA biosynthesis, with the information about mellein which was proposed in the literature to be an intermediate OTA. Further ao?msas mutant not only lost the capacity to produce isoasperlactone and asperlactone but also the intermediate nature product 6-methylsalicylic acid. Based on the genetic characterization and chemical complementation experiments, we have proposed a hypothetical pathway mentioning that 6-methylsalicylic acid, diepoxid and aspyrone are intermediates of isoasperlactone and asperlactone. Gene knockout technique and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) shown that the only PKS-NRPS gene aolc35-6 so far identified in A. westerdijkiae encoding certain unknown intermediate(s) which induces the expression of aomsas gene and a gene involved in the biosynthesis of orsellinic acid and penicillic acid.Aspergillus westerdijkiaem qui est rĂ©cemment dĂ©membrĂ© d'A. ochraceus est un producteur principal de plusieurs composĂ©s de type polycĂ©tone d'importance Ă©conomique. Ces composĂ©s incluent lâochratoxin A, mellein, l'acide penicillique, asperlactone et lâisoasperlactone et quelques intermĂ©diaires comme l'acide 6- methylsalicylique et lâacide orsellinique. La biosynthĂšse de ces mĂ©tabolites est catalysĂ©e par un groupe d'enzymes connues comme la polycĂ©tone synthases (PKSs). Ce travail a Ă©tĂ© visĂ© pour cloner et a caractĂ©risĂ© fonctionnellement les diffĂ©rentes genes des PKS i.e. aoks1, aolc35-12 et aomsas, et de genes de polyketide synthases-non ribosomal peptide synthase (PKS-NRPS) i.e. aolc35-6, chez A. westerdijkiae. Ces gĂšnes ont Ă©tĂ© inactivĂ©s par l'insertion du gĂšne dâhygromycine B phosphotransferase dâEscherichia coli dans le gĂ©nome d'A. westerdijkiae, pour obtenir les mutantes ao?ks1, ao?lc35-12, ao?msas et ao?lc35-6. Les mutants ao?ks1 et ao?lc35-12 ont Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©s dĂ©ficients dans la biosynthĂšse dâochratoxin A, mais produisaient encore mellein. Ă notre connaissance, câest la premiĂšre fois que nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© les gĂšnes impliquĂ©es dans la biosynthĂšse dâOTA, sachant que mellein, qui Ă©tait proposĂ© dans la littĂ©rature comme un intermĂ©diaire, joue a cune role dans la biosynthesis de l'OTA. Ensuite le mutant ao?msas n'a pas seulement perdu la capacitĂ© de produire isoasperlactone et asperlactone, mais aussi il ne produit pas lâintermĂ©diaire acide 6-methylsalicylique. BasĂ© sur les expĂ©riences de la caractĂ©risation gĂ©nĂ©tique et de complĂ©mentation chimiques, nous avons proposĂ© un shĂ©ma hypothĂ©tique de la biosynthĂšse dâasperlactone et isoasperlactone dans lequel l'acide 6-methylsalicylique, diepoxide et aspyrone jouent le rĂŽle dâintermĂ©diaires. La techniques de gĂšne knock-out et de la reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) ont montrĂ© que seulle gĂšne de type PKS-NRPS « aolc35-6 » identifiĂ© chez A. westerdijkiae codant pour un intermĂ©diaire inconnu(s) qui pourrait inciter l'expression de gĂšne aomsas et un gĂšne impliquĂ© dans la biosynthĂšse d'acide orsellinique et d'acide penicillique
Caracterization of the polyketide synthases involved in biosynthesis of ochratoxin A, penicillic acid, asperlactone and isoasperlactone in aspergillus westerdijkiae (a molecular approach)
Aspergillus westerdijkiaem qui est rĂ©cemment dĂ©membrĂ© d'A. ochraceus est un producteur principal de plusieurs composĂ©s de type polycĂ©tone d'importance Ă©conomique. Ces composĂ©s incluent lâochratoxin A, mellein, l'acide penicillique, asperlactone et lâisoasperlactone et quelques intermĂ©diaires comme l'acide 6- methylsalicylique et lâacide orsellinique. La biosynthĂšse de ces mĂ©tabolites est catalysĂ©e par un groupe d'enzymes connues comme la polycĂ©tone synthases (PKSs). Ce travail a Ă©tĂ© visĂ© pour cloner et a caractĂ©risĂ© fonctionnellement les diffĂ©rentes genes des PKS i.e. aoks1, aolc35-12 et aomsas, et de genes de polyketide synthases-non ribosomal peptide synthase (PKS-NRPS) i.e. aolc35-6, chez A. westerdijkiae. Ces gĂšnes ont Ă©tĂ© inactivĂ©s par l'insertion du gĂšne dâhygromycine B phosphotransferase dâEscherichia coli dans le gĂ©nome d'A. westerdijkiae, pour obtenir les mutantes ao?ks1, ao?lc35-12, ao?msas et ao?lc35-6. Les mutants ao?ks1 et ao?lc35-12 ont Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©s dĂ©ficients dans la biosynthĂšse dâochratoxin A, mais produisaient encore mellein. Ă notre connaissance, câest la premiĂšre fois que nous avons caractĂ©risĂ© les gĂšnes impliquĂ©es dans la biosynthĂšse dâOTA, sachant que mellein, qui Ă©tait proposĂ© dans la littĂ©rature comme un intermĂ©diaire, joue a cune role dans la biosynthesis de l'OTA. Ensuite le mutant ao?msas n'a pas seulement perdu la capacitĂ© de produire isoasperlactone et asperlactone, mais aussi il ne produit pas lâintermĂ©diaire acide 6-methylsalicylique. BasĂ© sur les expĂ©riences de la caractĂ©risation gĂ©nĂ©tique et de complĂ©mentation chimiques, nous avons proposĂ© un shĂ©ma hypothĂ©tique de la biosynthĂšse dâasperlactone et isoasperlactone dans lequel l'acide 6-methylsalicylique, diepoxide et aspyrone jouent le rĂŽle dâintermĂ©diaires. La techniques de gĂšne knock-out et de la reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) ont montrĂ© que seulle gĂšne de type PKS-NRPS « aolc35-6 » identifiĂ© chez A. westerdijkiae codant pour un intermĂ©diaire inconnu(s) qui pourrait inciter l'expression de gĂšne aomsas et un gĂšne impliquĂ© dans la biosynthĂšse d'acide orsellinique et d'acide penicillique.Aspergillus westerdijkiaem which is recently dismembered from A. ochraceusm is the principal producer of several economically important polyketide metabolites. These metabolites include ochratoxin A, mellein, penicillic acid, asperlactone and isoasperlactone and some intermediates like orsellinic acid and 6-methylsalicylic acid. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is catalyzed by a group of enzymes known as polyketide synthases (PKSs). This work was aimed to clone and functionally characterized various PKS i.e. aoks1, aolc35-12 and aomsas, and polyketide synthasesnon ribosomal peptide synthase (PKS-NRPS) genes i.e. aolc35-6, in A. westerdijkiae. These genes were inactivated by the insertion of Escherichia coli hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene in the genome of A. westerdijkiae to obtain ao?ks1, ao?lc35-12, ao?msas and ao?lc35-6 mutants. ao?ks1, ao?lc35-12 mutants were found deficient in ochratoxin A biosynthesis but are still producing mellein. To our knowledge, we for the first time characterized a gene involved in OTA biosynthesis, with the information about mellein which was proposed in the literature to be an intermediate OTA. Further ao?msas mutant not only lost the capacity to produce isoasperlactone and asperlactone but also the intermediate nature product 6-methylsalicylic acid. Based on the genetic characterization and chemical complementation experiments, we have proposed a hypothetical pathway mentioning that 6-methylsalicylic acid, diepoxid and aspyrone are intermediates of isoasperlactone and asperlactone. Gene knockout technique and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) shown that the only PKS-NRPS gene aolc35-6 so far identified in A. westerdijkiae encoding certain unknown intermediate(s) which induces the expression of aomsas gene and a gene involved in the biosynthesis of orsellinic acid and penicillic acid
Caractérisation des polycétones synthases intervenant dans la biosynthÚse d ochratoxine A, d acide pénicillique, d asperlactone et d isoasperlactone chez aspergillus westerdijkiae
Aspergillus westerdijkiaem qui est récemment démembré d'A. ochraceus est un producteur principal de plusieurs composés de type polycétone d'importance économique. Ces composés incluent l ochratoxin A, mellein, l'acide penicillique, asperlactone et l isoasperlactone et quelques intermédiaires comme l'acide 6- methylsalicylique et l acide orsellinique. La biosynthÚse de ces métabolites est catalysée par un groupe d'enzymes connues comme la polycétone synthases (PKSs). Ce travail a été visé pour cloner et a caractérisé fonctionnellement les différentes genes des PKS i.e. aoks1, aolc35-12 et aomsas, et de genes de polyketide synthases-non ribosomal peptide synthase (PKS-NRPS) i.e. aolc35-6, chez A. westerdijkiae. Ces gÚnes ont été inactivés par l'insertion du gÚne d hygromycine B phosphotransferase d Escherichia coli dans le génome d'A. westerdijkiae, pour obtenir les mutantes ao?ks1, ao?lc35-12, ao?msas et ao?lc35-6. Les mutants ao?ks1 et ao?lc35-12 ont été trouvés déficients dans la biosynthÚse d ochratoxin A, mais produisaient encore mellein. à notre connaissance, c est la premiÚre fois que nous avons caractérisé les gÚnes impliquées dans la biosynthÚse d OTA, sachant que mellein, qui était proposé dans la littérature comme un intermédiaire, joue a cune role dans la biosynthesis de l'OTA. Ensuite le mutant ao?msas n'a pas seulement perdu la capacité de produire isoasperlactone et asperlactone, mais aussi il ne produit pas l intermédiaire acide 6-methylsalicylique. Basé sur les expériences de la caractérisation génétique et de complémentation chimiques, nous avons proposé un shéma hypothétique de la biosynthÚse d asperlactone et isoasperlactone dans lequel l'acide 6-methylsalicylique, diepoxide et aspyrone jouent le rÎle d intermédiaires. La techniques de gÚne knock-out et de la reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) ont montré que seulle gÚne de type PKS-NRPS aolc35-6 identifié chez A. westerdijkiae codant pour un intermédiaire inconnu(s) qui pourrait inciter l'expression de gÚne aomsas et un gÚne impliqué dans la biosynthÚse d'acide orsellinique et d'acide penicillique.Aspergillus westerdijkiaem which is recently dismembered from A. ochraceusm is the principal producer of several economically important polyketide metabolites. These metabolites include ochratoxin A, mellein, penicillic acid, asperlactone and isoasperlactone and some intermediates like orsellinic acid and 6-methylsalicylic acid. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is catalyzed by a group of enzymes known as polyketide synthases (PKSs). This work was aimed to clone and functionally characterized various PKS i.e. aoks1, aolc35-12 and aomsas, and polyketide synthasesnon ribosomal peptide synthase (PKS-NRPS) genes i.e. aolc35-6, in A. westerdijkiae. These genes were inactivated by the insertion of Escherichia coli hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene in the genome of A. westerdijkiae to obtain ao?ks1, ao?lc35-12, ao?msas and ao?lc35-6 mutants. ao?ks1, ao?lc35-12 mutants were found deficient in ochratoxin A biosynthesis but are still producing mellein. To our knowledge, we for the first time characterized a gene involved in OTA biosynthesis, with the information about mellein which was proposed in the literature to be an intermediate OTA. Further ao?msas mutant not only lost the capacity to produce isoasperlactone and asperlactone but also the intermediate nature product 6-methylsalicylic acid. Based on the genetic characterization and chemical complementation experiments, we have proposed a hypothetical pathway mentioning that 6-methylsalicylic acid, diepoxid and aspyrone are intermediates of isoasperlactone and asperlactone. Gene knockout technique and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) shown that the only PKS-NRPS gene aolc35-6 so far identified in A. westerdijkiae encoding certain unknown intermediate(s) which induces the expression of aomsas gene and a gene involved in the biosynthesis of orsellinic acid and penicillic acid.TOULOUSE-INP (315552154) / SudocSudocFranceF
Development of a novel quantitative PCR assay as a measurement for the presence of geosmin-producing fungi
International audienceGeosminâassociated gpe1 gene of Penicillium expansum displayed â„99% similarity to cytochrome P450 gene of geosminâproducing P. restrictum, but â€40% similarities to geosmin biosynthesis, nonâcytochromic gene of Streptomyces avermitilis and cytochrome P450 genes of nonâgeosminâproducing Neotyphodium lolii, Phoma betae and P. paxilli. Serial 10âfold dilutions of P. expansum's DNA was subjected to a previously reported qPCR assay (Atoui et al. 2007), utilizing gpe1 specific primer pair âSNgpe1F/SNgpe1Râ. A linear relationship between DNA quantity and Cycle Threshold (Ct), with strong correlative coefficient, was observed. Using the available physicoâchemical method, geosmin was quantified in 188 grape samples. Penicillium spp's DNA was quantified in these samples, utilizing the developed qPCR assay. A strong positive correlation (R2 = 0·97) between Penicillium's DNA and geosmin concentration was observed. Furthermore, <50 ng ÎŒlâ1 Penicillium's DNA corresponds to geosmin level below the permitted intensity limit i.e. 4, for âFlavour Profile Analysisâ
The Dynamics of Public Perceptions and Climate Change in Swat Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
With rising temperatures, developing countries are exposed to the horrors of climate change more than ever. The poor infrastructure and low adaptation capabilities of these nations are the prime concern of current studies. Pakistan is vulnerable to climate-induced hazards including floods, droughts, water shortages, shifts in weather patterns, loss of biodiversity, melting of glaciers, and more in the coming years. For marginal societies dependent on natural resources, adaptation becomes a challenge and the utmost priority. Within the above context, this study was designed to fill the existing research gap concerning public knowledge of climate vulnerabilities and respective adaptation strategies in the northern HindukushâHimalayan region of Pakistan. Using the stratified sampling technique, 25 union councils (wards) were selected from the nine tehsils (sub-districts) of the study area. Using the quantitative method approach, structured questionnaires were employed to collect data from 396 respondents. The study reveals varying public perceptions about different factors contributing to the causes and impacts of climate change and the sources of information in the three zones of the study area. The primary causes of climate change are deforestation, industrial waste, anthropogenic impurities, natural causes, and the burning of fossil fuels exacerbated by increased population. Changes in temperature, erratic rainfalls, floods, droughts, receding glaciers, and extreme weather events are some of the impacts observed over the past decades. While limiting the indiscriminate use of fossil fuels combined with government-assisted rehabilitation of forests can help combat climate change, the lack of proper education and economic, social, and governance barriers are hindering the local adaptation strategies. In addition, reduce environmental pollution (air, water, soil, etc.) and plantation polluted areas with suitable plants, are the two main actions in combating climate change. This study recommends policy interventions to enhance local adaptation efforts through building capacity, equipping local environmental institutions, discouraging deforestation, and ensuring sustainable use of natural resources
COMPARING THE PROFITABILITY OF BAKAR AND OTHER VARIETIES OF WHEAT IN DISTRICT CHARSADDA
This study was conducted to estimate the profitability of different varieties of wheat in two
villages of District Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. A total of 100
respondents were interviewed to collect the data on cost and revenue in the target area. 27.2
percent of the area was under wheat cultivation. 38 percent of the respondents were literate
while about 52 percent of the wheat growers were owners. Owner cum tenants and tenants
were 15 and 33 percent respectively. Simple budgeting technique was used for estimation.
The overall total cost of wheat production was Rs. 20760.2 per acre, while for Bakar variety
and other varieties total cost of production were , Rs.1 21856 and Rs. 22309 per acre
respectively. The overall net return was Rs. 13447.3 per acre; while from Baker variety and
other varieties net return were Rs. 11825 and Rs. 12425 per acre respectively. OLS
estimation technique was used to analyze contribution of major factors in the wheat yield.
The sings of the explanatory variables were found according to our prior expectation of the
economic theory. The estimated results of yield function indicated that seed rate, FYM (Farm
Yard Manure), NPK (Nitrogen, Phospouras and Potassium) and labor days have positive and
significant effect on wheat yield, while number of tractor hours and educational level of the
growers have positive but statistically insignificant effect. Finally, it is suggested that
extension personal should transfer latest technology and diseases free seeds of wheat to the
farmerâs for optimum yield