Demographic profile and associations of dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease patients in federal capital of pakistan.

Depression is quite prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease. Knowing the frequency of depression in such patients and its association with different variables may be helpful in devising strategies for better and timely management of such patients in our setup. Materials and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted by recruiting 315 patients of either gender, ≥ 18 years of age with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and receiving care at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. Patients were divided into two groups; group A: pre-dialysis and group B: dialysis (End Stage Renal Disease). Prevalence of depression in CKD and dialysis group and its association with gender, level of formal education and socioeconomic status was evaluated using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. Results: Out of 204 (100%) patients in group B, 171 (83.8%) patients had depression while in group A, 68 (61.3%) out of 111 (100%) patients were depressed. The prevalence of depression in all stages of CKD combined was 75.87 % (239 out of 315) and that in dialysis group was 83.82% (171 out of 204). Frequency of depression was significantly higher in the dialysis group (p=0.01). Those with higher level of education less commonly suffered from depression (p=0.01). No such association was found with gender (p=0.68) or socioeconomic status (p=0.12).Conclusion: Frequency of depression is significantly higher in dialysis dependent CKD patients with an overall prevalence of 75.87% in CKD and 83.82% in dialysis dependent ones. Higher level of formal education positively affects the outcome while gender and socioeconomic class have no significant association

Requirements Engineering and Response Time : A study about the Requirements Engineering and the Response Time of a Highly Interactive Web-based Application.

Low response time is an important factor for any interactive system. However, web-based applications suffer sometimes from bad response times. This fact is not always important but for services depending on a  high degree of interactivity it can be severe. This thesis attempts to give an answer to the question whichi s the requirements engineering for best response time on a highly interactive Web-based application? The research approach is deductive based on a single-case study and using qualitative method. The case system is a web-based system that supports an experimental technique called Wizard-of-Oz. To tackle the research question an extensive review of literature on requirements engineering was made, and, for the case study itself, system requirements documents and interviews were included. The results include information about the specific requirements engineering process for the case system, response time, and quality attributes.The conclusion indicates the importance of response time requirements, hardware and software requirements, testing, but also a demonstration phase for desired interactive behaviour including response time. The latter is not previously identified as a major step in the general literature on requirements engineering but should definitively be noted by researchers and practitioner alike