Do liberal norms matter? A cross-regime experimental investigation of the normative explanation of the democratic peace thesis in China and The Netherlands

Scholars of democratic peace theories argue that the causal mechanism of the democratic peace is founded on the internalized liberal norms of democratic societies, which are subsequently assumed to be lacking among citizens of societies of different regime types. I argue that the corroborating results of earlier empirical work are overextended and that the mechanism should be empirically tested using a comparative perspective that considers the variance of the independent variable. This article provides experimental evidence that compares the impact of liberal norms on a population residing and socialized within a democracy (the Netherlands) with a population residing and socialized within an autocracy (China) and their respective supports for war with another state. The comparison shows that the level of liberal norms in the democratic experimental group, although significantly higher than that in the autocratic experimental group, does not influence the support to go to war. Moreover, the threat of the conflict turns out to be the key indicator for the support for war among both groups. This finding provides a clearer understanding of the relationship between regime type and the use of force, and has important implications for democratic peace theories.The Institutions of Politics; Design, Workings, and implications ( do not use, ended 1-1-2020

Tree Rings in the Tropics: Insights into the Ecology and Climate Sensitivity of Tropical Trees

Tree-ring studies provide important contributions to understanding the climate sensitivity of tropical trees and the effects of global change on tropical forests. This chapter reviews recent advances in tropical tree-ring research. In tropical lowlands, tree ring formation is mainly driven by seasonal variation in precipitation or flooding , and not in temperature. Annual ring formation has now been confirmed for 230 tropical tree species across continents and climate zones. Tree-ring studies indicate that lifespans of tropical tree species average c. 200 years and only few species live >500 years; these values are considerably lower than those based on indirect age estimates. Size-age trajectories show large and persistent growth variation among trees of the same species, due to variation in light, water and nutrient availability. Climate-growth analyses suggest that tropical tree growth is moderately sensitive to rainfall (dry years reduce growth) and temperature (hot years reduce growth). Tree-ring studies can assist in evaluating the effects of gradual changes in climatic conditions on tree growth and physiology but this requires that sampling biases are dealt with and ontogenetic changes are disentangled from temporal changes. This remains challenging, but studies have reported increases in intrinsic water use efficiency based on δ13C measurements in tree rings, most likely due to increasing atmospheric CO2. We conclude that tree-ring studies offer important insights to global change effects on tropical trees and will increasingly do so as new techniques become available and research efforts intensify