Sweet Spring: The Development and Meaning of Maple Syrup Production at Fort Drum, New York

This dissertation project uses archaeological and historical information to examine the cultural dynamics of maple syrup making at Fort Drum, New York, in the period between 1880 and 1940. This project combines a processual approach with an interpretive assessment, covering the social, economic and cultural contexts in which maple syrup was made at Fort Drum during the project research period. The project was intended, first, to expand the scope and analytical depth of an existing cultural resources management project that had proposed two size categories of maple syrup processing site among the 41 sites of this type known at Fort Drum as of 2004. The archaeological data generated by this dissertation project indicate that, instead of being divided into discrete categories based upon site size, four of the six sites tested in 2004 were rebuilt, improved, and gradually expanded through the study period, with much of this expansion taking place between 1900 and 1940. This observation points toward a far more nuanced and interactive process of change taking place in the region\u27s maple syrup industry. Explaining and interpreting this process of change makes use of data about maple syrup making and dairy farming, the other farming operation pursued by most New York and Fort Drum maple syrup makers, derived from secondary and primary documents, principally, discussion of these two industries in The Rural New Yorker, a farmer\u27s journal covering the northeastern United States between 1878 and 1964. This information allowed advancement of an alternative hypothesis which explains gradual development of the Fort Drum maple syrup processing sites, and which also places maple syrup making within the broader economic, geographic, social and cultural contexts of which syrup making was a part. This project demonstrates the value of detailed and in-depth study of cultural context in archaeological explanation and in historical archaeology

Autonomic Response to Distributed Denial of Service Attacks............................................................... 75

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Fetal growth and the fetal origins hypothesis in twins-problems and perspectives

Although there is substantial evidence from studies of singletons that small size at birth is linked with long-term adverse health effects, until recently little was known as to whether these associations extend to twins. A review of published studies suggests that at present there is little consistent evidence that birthsize in twins is associated with increased morbidity or morality. While, these findings may reflect methodological limitations, it is also argued that they arise as a consequence of the substantially different biology of fetal growth in twins

Cross-oncopanel study reveals high sensitivity and accuracy with overall analytical performance depending on genomic regions.

Targeted sequencing using oncopanels requires comprehensive assessments of accuracy and detection sensitivity to ensure analytical validity. By employing reference materials characterized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-led SEquence Quality Control project phase2 (SEQC2) effort, we perform a cross-platform multi-lab evaluation of eight Pan-Cancer panels to assess best practices for oncopanel sequencing. All panels demonstrate high sensitivity across targeted high-confidence coding regions and variant types for the variants previously verified to have variant allele frequency (VAF) in the 5-20% range. Sensitivity is reduced by utilizing VAF thresholds due to inherent variability in VAF measurements. Enforcing a VAF threshold for reporting has a positive impact on reducing false positive calls. Importantly, the false positive rate is found to be significantly higher outside the high-confidence coding regions, resulting in lower reproducibility. Thus, region restriction and VAF thresholds lead to low relative technical variability in estimating promising biomarkers and tumor mutational burden. This comprehensive study provides actionable guidelines for oncopanel sequencing and clear evidence that supports a simplified approach to assess the analytical performance of oncopanels. It will facilitate the rapid implementation, validation, and quality control of oncopanels in clinical use.All SEQC2 participants freely donated their time, reagents, and computing resources for the completion and analysis of this project. Part of this work was carried out with the support of the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (to Mehdi Pirooznia), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (to Pierre Bushel), and National Library of Medicine (to Danielle Thierry-Mieg, Jean Thierry-Mieg, and Chunlin Xiao). Leming Shi and Yuanting Zheng were supported by the National Key R&D Project of China (2018YFE0201600), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31720103909), and Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (2017SHZDZX01). Donald J. Johann, Jr. acknowledges the support by FDA BAA grant HHSF223201510172C. Timothy Mercer and Ira Deveson were supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia grants APP1108254, APP1114016, and APP1173594 and Cancer Institute NSW Early Career Fellowship 2018/ECF013. This research has also been, in part, financially supported by the MEYS of the CR under the project CEITEC 2020 (LQ1601), by MH CR, grant No. (NV19-03-00091). Part of this work was carried out with the support of research infrastructure EATRIS-CZ, ID number LM2015064, funded by MEYS CR. Boris Tichy and Nikola Tom were supported by research infrastructure EATRIS-CZ, ID number LM2018133 funded by MEYS CR and MEYS CR project CEITEC 2020 (LQ1601).S