A study on the aspects of epidemiology of urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis In Bauchi State, Nigeria

A twelve-month epidemio-ecological study on the prevalence of schistosomiasis was conducted in Bauchi State, from January to December, 2016. Two thousand 2000 samples each of faeces and urine were collected and examined microscopically for schistosome eggs. The urine samples were examined using sedimentation method while the faecal samples were examined using formol-ether concentration technique. Twenty eight 28 (1.40%) of the entire volunteers urine samples collected had eggs of S.haematobium 3(0.15%) had eggs of S. mansoni in their faecal samples. The infection rates in different month by S.mansoni species, infection rate in different sexes and infection rate in individuals from different senatorial zone by schistosomiasis were not statistically significant while the infection rates in different month by S.heamatobium species, infection rate in different age groups, infection rate in individuals using different water source, infection rate in individuals using different types of toilet facilities and the infection rate in individuals in different occupational groups were all statistically significant at (p<0.05). Though there was low prevalence of the disease in the study area, there is need to intensified integrated control measures to reduce or complete eradicate the disease.Keywords: Epidemiology, Urinary/Intestinal Schistosomiasis, Bauchi State, Nigeri

Types and Load of Bacteria Contaminating Drinking Water in Dairy Farms in Khartoum North

This study was conducted to assess the bacterial contamination of drinking water in dairy farms in Khartoum North, based on bacterial isolation and identification and viable count. A total of 33 farms were randomly selected. Three samples were taken from each farm, one from the main source of water (network or well), the second from the surface of water in drinking trough and the third from the wall of water trough. In addition, five samples were taken from storage places of water (found in only five farms), making the total number of samples 104. All samples were cultured on Blood Agar and MacConkey’s Agar for bacterial isolation and on Nutrient Agar for viable counts. A total of 188 isolateswere obtained, 57% of them were Gram-positive bacteria. The isolates were identified according to their microscopic, cultural and biochemical properties to 19 bacterial species. The species and their isolation percentages related to number of samples were Corynebacterium renale(29.8%), Aeromonas salmonicida(17.3%), Micrococcus luteus (16.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae spp.aerogenes (14.4%), Aeromonas spp. (13.5%), Bacillus mycoides(12.5%) Escherichia coli (11.5%), Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum(10.6%), Staphylococcus epidermidis(8.7%), Moraxella urethralis (8.7%), Nocardia asteroides(6.7%), Corynebacterium diphtheriae(5.8%), Proteus spp. (5.8%), Bacillus sphaericus (5.8%), Staphylococcus warneri (4.8%), Aeromonas sobria(2.9%),Kingella kingae(2.9%), Micrococcus lylae ( 1.9%) and Klebsiella oxytoca (1.0%). Water samples from troughs were the most contaminated by all bacterial species except Klebsiella oxytoca, followed by the samples from wallsof water troughs and the least contaminated was the main source of water. Aeromonas salmonicida, XIV Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus sphaericus andMicrococcus luteus were found in all water sources, whereas Micrococcus lylaeand Kingella kingae were found only in water of troughs and Klebsiella oxytoca (one isolate) was found in a wall of a trough. The results of the viable count showed considerable variation among sources ofwater. The mean viable count was 4x10 3 , 4.4x10 5 , 1x10 6 and5.2x10 6 cfu/ml for the main source, storage places, surfaces of water in troughs and wall of troughs, respectively. In conclusion, many bacterial species and high viable counts were found in drinking water of dairy cattle in Khartoum North, some of them are waterborne pathogens this finding points to poor hygienic measures which constitute hazards to dairy production and public health

EMIGRATION OF ATHLETES ITS CAUSES AND IMPACTS ON A PERSONAL, NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEVEL

تلخصت أهداف الدراسة فى بحث اسباب هجر ة الرياضيين وتصنيفاتها حسب التسلسل التاريخى وتحليل الوضع الوطني الرياضي ويتحقق هذا الهدف من خلال تحليل العناصر الثلاثة لدراسة المشكلة والنتيجة والسبب (مخطط ايشكاوا) و بحث الآثار الناتجة عن هجرة الرياضيين على مستوى التمثيل الرياضى للسودان الاقليمى والدولى والاولمبي .كما تم اختيار عينة البحث بطريقة العينة المقصودة , اعتمدت الباحثة على الاستبانة كأداة بجانب تحليل العناصر الثلاثة وجاءات اهم النتائج:ان من اهم الاسباب لهجرة الرياضيين بالترتيب هى الاسباب الاقتصادية والعوامل المساندة ،بجانب الاسباب السياسية و تمثل هجرة اللاعبين خطر كبير على مستوى التمثيل الخارجى للسودان بنسبة 98%The objectives of the study is to search causes t of the athletes: Immigration and its classifications according to the analysis of the national situation athlete achieved- this goal through the analysis of three elements to study the problem and the result and the reason (planned Ai_kaoa) and discuss the effects of the migration of athletes at the level of mathematical representation of the Sudan regional and international and Olympic. Was selected as the sample in a sample in question, adopted a researcher on the resolution as a tool beside the analysis of three elements Jaouat significant results: One of the main reasons for the migration of athletes in the order are the causes of economic factors support, next to political reasons and represents the migration of Players significant risk at the level of the external representation of Sudan 98

Haemato-biochemical profiles of indigenous goats (Capra hircus) at Chittagong, Bangladesh

Aim: A 6 month long study was undertaken to determine various hemato-biochemical profiles of indigenous goats (Caprahircus) in Bangladesh.Materials and methods: Blood samples were collected from goats of different ages of 5 Upazilla of Chittagong. Atotal of 120goats (60 Black Bengal and 60 Jamnapari) having > 6 months of age were included. The whole blood was analyzed forhematology, and plasma and serum samples for biochemical analysis.Results: The study found higher number of RBC (million/cumm) and PCV% in the goats of age 48 months and above (18.23± 1.89 and 28 ± 3.2) respectively. Besides, total protein was found higher (78.9 ± 14.5g/L) in the goats of 6-24 months of age.Significant increase (p<0.01) of the number of WBC (thousand/cumm), RBC (million/cumm), PCV% was observed in BlackBengal over Jamnapari goat. In contrast, WBC, lymphocytes, RBC, PCV, ALT, and ASTwere significantly (p<0.01) higher inBlack Bengal than Jamnapari goat; whereas, monocyte, TP, Albumin, and Urea levels were significantly (p<0.01) higher inJamnapari than Black Bengal goats.Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate the normal haemato-biochemical values of two local goat breeds.Present results stated some significant variation of parameters between two goats whereas some shows no significant variationat all

A critical review on mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of industrial by-product-based geopolymer composites

For the sustainability of the construction industry, geopolymers (GPMs) play an important role compared with Portland cement due to their improved mechanical properties, enhanced durability, and outstanding performance in alkali and acidic conditions. Most of the previous review investigations explored the general behavior of GPM developed with kaolin, silica fume (SF), rice husk ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash, etc., but a comprehensive review study on the industrial by-products, including granite waste powder (GWP) and bauxite residue (BR), is required to investigate their suitability in the construction industry. The current investigation aims to present a detailed review of the fresh, mechanical, durability, and microstructural behavior of the GPM paste produced using BR and GWP from the literature. The effect of different ingredients and testing conditions are evaluated for the fresh, mechanical, durability, thermal, and microstructural performance of the GPM paste. The results indicate that the pure BR having a lower ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 reacts poorly; therefore, it should be blended with other aluminosilicates comprising a higher ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 for better geopolymerization. Pre-activation of BR including 3 h calcination at 800°C, 1 h thermal pretreatment of alkali with solid activators at 800°C, mechanical co-grinding, and pulverization presented improved strength and microstructural properties of GPM. When mixing GWP in large quantities, heat curing is preferred for 8 h at 60–80°C for better behavior of GPM. Incorporating the nanomaterials into GWP-based GPM showed a significant impact on initial compressive and tensile strengths. Further studies on the synergistic use of GWP with aluminosilicate products and BR with silica-rich pozzolanic ingredients for GPM are required. Improved physiochemical features of BR-GPM and GWP-GPM are the potential research areas that can be addressed by incorporating raw materials for enhancing the internal matrix, such as nanoparticles, bio-additives, micro-fibers, etc., that have been observed to be effective for the GPM pastes