Global Solar Radiation Annual Profile, Causes and Seasonal Effects, at Ilorin, Nigeria

The data of short-wave global (total) solar radiation of 4 years (1995-1998) at Ilorin (8˚ 34′ N, 4˚ 34′ E), Nigeria was used to study the characteristic behavior of SW- global solar radiation in the tropics. To do this, its weekly average was plotted and analyzed with respect to the atmospheric constituents responsible for the behavior. On the profile obtained, two “Wells” of unequal size and depth were identified; a “hill” and a “plateau” representing the potentials of the radiation were also identified in a 52 - week year. These features were associated with seasons of the year and the radiation potentials obtainable in the region. The size of the Wells indicates the time prevalence of the atmospheric constituents causing the Wells and the length of the respective season, while the depth indicates the amount and severity of the constituents. The “Wells” and the “Plateau” constitute 3 seasons in a 52- week year

A People-Centred Social Totality Approach to Low-Income Housing in the Developing World

In a significant part of the developing world, especially sub-Saharan Africa, public housing policies and implementation have depended on a top-to-bottom approach in an attempt to ensure housing supply. However, public authorities sometimes backed by international agencies preferring to operate through the housing market have failed to meet the housing need, especially for low-income people. Even when the users are involved like in the slum dwellers association, the organisation of the process is majorly controlled by the public authorities. While government and public institutions attained minimal success in housing provision for the lowest classes in the society, the people have been more successful in housing production. This chapter situates the housing problem and policy responses in the context of the developing world characterised by limited capacity to control and manage the largely more successful informal people-controlled housing production structure. A cyclic people-centred strategy framework for low-income housing is proposed based on town-gown collaboration in studying low-income people, their activated housing process and the houses produced to guide present strategies and synthesise future strategies and policy. This framework emanates from Henri Lefebvre’s social totality explanation to understand how low-income people negotiate housing from the social context

Comparative evaluation of processes for production of soybean meal for poultry feed in Nigeria Evaluación comparativa de procesos para la producción de harina de soya para la alimentación de pollos en Nigeria

This work examined and compared three processes for production of low trypsin inhibitor soybean meal. Soybean flour was subjected to roasting, autoclaving and steaming to denature trypsin inhibitors. Roasting was done at 120, 130, 135 and 140 ºC for 5, 7, 8 and 9 minutes, respectively. Autoclaving was carried out at 121ºC, 15psig for 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes. Steaming was carried out at 105 ºC for 10, 12, 15 and 18 minutes. Defatting of the samples was done and the activity of trypsin inhibitor was investigated. Proximate analysis and quality tests was carried out to ascertain quality of the heat treated soybean meals. Trypsin inhibitor in the soybean meals from the three heat treatment processes ranged from 1.20 to 3.54mg/g while that of raw sample was 6.01mg/g. Percentage crude protein in all the heat treated samples ranged from 39.38 to 40.58 % while that of raw sample was 44.60 %. Urease index ranged from 0.11 to 2.07 % for all heat treated samples while it was 2.11 % for the raw samples. % KOH protein solubility in Soybean meal from the three processes ranged from 45.2 to 73.1 % while that of the raw sample was 49.1%. The results were statistically significant at p>0.05. At significance level of p>0.05 it was established that local soybeans can be processed with adequate heat to obtain low activity soybean meal with good nutrient standard. The steaming process operated at 105 ºC for 18 minutes gave the best overall results with trypsin inhibitor activity of 1.20 mg/g

EFFECTS OF PRETREATMENT ON BIOBUTANOL YIELDS FROM RICE-BRAN AND DEOILED RICE-BRAN PROCESSED WITH Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4

Acid and enzymatic pre-treatment of selected lignocellulosic materials [Rice Bran (RB) and Deoiled Rice Bran (DRB)] were conducted to facilitate the release of simple sugars for fermentation process leading to biofuel production. In this study, an innovative approach involving the use of acids to breakdown the complex lingo-cellulosic structure of  RB and DRB was utilised. In addition, RB and DRB samples were  subjected to physical (heat treatment) and enzymatic treatments, sequentially; in order to improve the amount of simple sugar available as substrate in a microorganism assisted fermentation process. The released sugar from the various treatment regimes were subjected to fermentation process. The highest total fermentable sugar obtained from the Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA), HCl and H2SO4 treated hydrolysate were 33.07 g L-1, 27.14 g L-1 and 31.93 g L-1 for treated hydrolysates, respectively. DRB samples showed a higher total sugar yields and fermentation products than RB samples. The highest butanol yield obtained from the TCA, HCl and H2SO4 treated hydrolysate were 8.66 g L-1, 5.32 g L -1 and 7.86 g L-1, respectively, after fermentation. The Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) yield and productivity of the TCA, HCl and H2SO4 treated DRB hydrolysates were 0.47 g/g and 0.1g L-1 h-1, 0.32g/g, and 0.07 g L-1 h-1 as well as 0.42 g/g, and 0.08 g L-1 h-1, respectively. (This is consistent with Table 1) The high ABE yield and productivity values suggest that TCA is a good novel pre-treatment agent for biomass fermentation

Information Security in Health Care Centre Using Cryptography and Steganography

As the volume of medicinal information stored electronically increase, so do the need to enhance how it is secured. The inaccessibility to patient record at the ideal time can prompt death toll and also well degrade the level of health care services rendered by the medicinal professionals. Criminal assaults in social insurance have expanded by 125% since 2010 and are now the leading cause of medical data breaches. This study therefore presents the combination of 3DES and LSB to improve security measure applied on medical data. Java programming language was used to develop a simulation program for the experiment. The result shows medical data can be stored, shared, and managed in a reliable and secure manner using the combined model.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, 1 tabl

Determinants of survival of extremely low birth weight infants in a rural Nigerian Hospital

Background: Over 90% of the neonatal deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, includingNigeria. Prematurity is related to more than one-third of these deaths on a global scale; with the extremely low birth weight (ELBW)category having a 100-fold mortality risk compared to the normal birth weight infants. Objective: The purpose of this study wasto determine the survival rates of ELBW infants and to identify the factors associated with survival in a rural hospital in Nigeria.Materials and Methods: All the neonates admitted to the unit weighing <1000 g at admission were enrolled. The birth place,gender, gestational age (GA), birth weight, postnatal age, temperature, blood sugar at admission, and outcome were documented.None of the babies received surfactant or assisted ventilation. Results: 29 out of 992 neonates (3%) admitted to the neonatalunit over the study period were ELBW. The survival rates of the inborn and outborn neonates were 33% and 14%, respectively.Conclusions: Factors associated with increased survival were inborn, GA ≥28 weeks, birth weight of 750 g, inborn and admissionwithin 2 h of life

DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY STATUS OF RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA

This study examined the determinants of poverty status of rural farming households in Osun State, South western, Nigeria. A total of one hundred and twenty representative farming households comprising of the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the Farmers Empowerment Programme (FEP) in the state were used for the study. Descriptive statistics, the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke class of weighted poverty indices as well as the Tobit regression model were used to analyse the data generated from the survey. The results of the poverty indices show that 35 per cent of the beneficiaries of the Farmers Empowerment Programme were poor as against 55 per cent for the non-beneficiaries of the programme. The regression results show household size, amount of credit utilised and annual farm income as the factors influencing the poverty status of the rural farming households in the state. The lower incidence of poverty and access to credit for the beneficiaries of FEP in the state are indications of better welfare for this category of farming households. It is therefore suggested that the programme be sustained for poverty reduction among farming households in the state

Effect of Sowing Dates, Intra-Row Spacings and Nitrogen Fertilizers of the Productivity of Red Variant Roselle (Hibiscus sabdarifa L)

Field experiments were conducted during the rainy seasons (June - Odober) of 1999 and 2000, at the research farm of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria to study the effects of some agronomic practices on the growth and yield of roselle. Three agronomic practices (sowing dates, intra-row spacing and nitrogenous fertilizer levels) at three levels each, were factorially combined to give a total of 27 treatment combinations. These were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Most of the results obtained were highly significant (P50.01). Sowing dates (June) gave the highest mean calyx (2035.15 kg/ha) and seed (2391.19 kg/ha) yields in both years. Intra-row spacing (80 em) gave the highest mean calyx (1651.11 kg/ha) and seed (2024.40 kg/ha) yields. Also, application of 60 kg N/ha gave the highest mean calyx (1671.99 kg/ha) and seed (2067.36 kg/ha) yields. It is evident from the results of this experiment that, the earlier the sowing of dates, the wider the intra-row spacing and the higher the nitrogenous fertilizer level, the higher the productivity of red variant roselle. Sequel to these facts, roselle sown in June at intra-row spacing of 80 em should be applied with 60 kg N / ha for optimum productivity in the study area

STUDY OF PARAMETRIC EFFECTS OF HOT BATCH EXTRACTION PROCESS OF CASTOR BEAN OIL TOWARD SUSTAINABLE BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

This work investigates the efficacy of hot batch extraction process on castor seeds using Soxhlet extraction apparatus with normal hexane as solvent.  The seeds obtained were pretreated by decoction process whereby, both water and protein content therein were drastically reduced. The effect of the yield on duration of extraction, solvent volume and mass were carried out by adopting a central composite design of response surface methodology and based on the statistical analysis and optimization of various operating variables using a statistical Design Expert software version 6.0.8 (STAT-EASE Inc., Minneapolis, USA) A second order quadratic model was developed in order to correlate the three variables to the response. The optimum conditions for hot batch extraction process of crude castor oil were found to be 150 minutes period of time, 160 ml of solvent volume and 99.9% of mass. At the calculated optimum conditions, the yield was 80.7% at the point desirability of 99.2%. Acid value of 0.45mgKOH/g and calculated 0.23% value of free fatty acid were found to be within the standard range for biodiesel production. The mathematical model developed was found to adequately describe the compatibility with the data predicted and accurate statistical prediction of the optimum yield conditions and the quality of crude castor oil were established