The role of CA1 α-adrenoceptor on scopolamine induced memory impairment in male rats

Introduction: Similarities in the memory impairment between Alzheimer patients and scopolamine treated animals have been reported. In the present study, the possible role of α-adrenergic receptors of the dorsal hippocampus on scopolamine state-dependent memory in adult male Wistar rats was evaluated. Methods: The animals were bilaterally implanted with chronic cannulae in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus, trained in a step-through type inhibitory avoidance task, and tested 24 h after training to measure step-through latency. Results: Post-training intra-CA1 administration of scopolamine (0.5 and 2μg/rat) dose-dependently reduced the step-through latency, showing an amnestic response. Amnesia produced by post-training scopolamine (2 μg/rat) was reversed by pre-test administration of the scopolamine (0.5 and 2 μg/rat) that is due to a state-dependent effect. Pre-test intra-CA1 injection of α1-adrenoceptor agonist, phenylephrine (0.25, 0.5 μg/rat) in the dose range that we used, could not affect memory impairment induced by post-training injection of scopolamine (2 μg/rat). However intra-CA1 pretest injection of α2-adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine (0.5 μg/rat) improved post-training scopolamine (2 μg/rat) intra-CA1 injection induced retrieval impairment. Furthermore, pre-test intra-CA1 microinjection of phenylephrine (0.25 and 0.5 μg/rat) or clonidine (0.25 and 0.5 μg/rat) with an ineffective dose of scopolamine (0.25 μg/rat), synergistically improved memory performance impaired by post-training scopolamine (2 μg/rat). Our results also showed that, pre-test injection of α1-receptor antagonist prazosin (1, 2 μg/rat) or α2-receptors antagonist yohimbine (1, 2 μg/rat) before effective dose of scopolamine (2 μg/rat) prevented the improvement of memory by pre-test scopolamine. Conclusion: These results suggest that α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors of the dorsal hippocampal CA1 region may play an important role in scopolamine-induced amnesia and scopolamine state-dependent memory

Policies in Activity-based Flexible Offices -‘I am sloppy with clean-desking. We don’t really know the rules.’

Activity-based Flexible Offices (A-FOs) are offices with unassigned desks that provide a variety of workspaces. This paper presents desk-sharing and speech rules identified in A-FOs in four Swedish organisations, the emergence of and compliance with these rules, and their consequences for work conditions. Data collection involved 105 semi-structured interviews, document analyses, and observations. The identified rules were: (1) to remove belongings, (2) temporal restrictions on using the same workstations, (3) temporal restrictions on using scarce zones, (4) restrictions on verbal interactions, and (5) restrictions on phone conversations. The cases with extensive user involvement in their planning process had explicit unambiguous rules. A better compliance with rules occurred when (i) the employees were well-prepared and had a unified understanding regarding how and why to follow the rules, (ii) the rules were explicitly communicated and were regarded as easy to follow, and (iii) following the rules facilitated work and improved work conditions

Epidemiology of infective endocarditis in patients referred to Ardabil city hospital, 2010-2015

Background: Infectious endocarditis is caused by bacterial or fungal infections of the endocardial surface of the heart, with high morbidity and mortality. Information on infective endocarditis is low in a developing country, and in Iran, the situation is similar, and so far no accurate research on the epidemiology of endocarditis has been carried out. The aim of study is to epidemiological evaluation of Infective endocarditis.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 32 patients with infectious endocarditis who referred during 2011-20166 in Ardabil city Hospital. Data from blood culture, urine test, and other diagnostic procedures were extracted from the records. Information on age, sex, the most common cause of referral, culture and positive culture, mitral valve, tricuspid and pulmonary valve involvement, underlying condition of injecting drug addiction, duration of hospitalization, clinical symptoms, type of treatment, response to Treatment, status of hospital discharge and mortality rate of patients were collected and then analyzed.Results: Of all patients, 14 (43.75%) were male and 18 (56.25%) were female. The mean age of patients was 55.6±9.4 years with a range of 21-72 years old. Patients were treated at an average of 2.2±1.4 weeks. 9 patients (28.12%) had skeletal-muscular manifestations. 26 patients (81.25%) had fever. The most prevalent microorganism was klebsiella with 71.87% that was sensitive in 13 patients (56.5%) to methicillin.Conclusions: Fever with musculoskeletal manifestations in young men with a history of injectable addiction is a common manifestation of infectious endocarditis

Need for Couple’s Awareness About Sexual Health in COVID-19 Pandemic

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Policies for sharing workspaces in activity-based flex offices

Policies for maintaining non-territoriality (desk-sharing and clean desk policies) and for maintaining zones with different sound levels vary between activity-based flex offices. Five policies were identified as crucial for making the activity-based office concept work. In cases without explicitly expressed policies employees reported uncertainties and interpretations of how to act in the office

The Role of General Causality Orientations on Self-Care Behaviors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the role of causality orientations in self-care behaviors in patients with type II diabetes. In this research, 60 Ss from Tabriz center of Sina hospital were selected through random sampling. Two questionnaires including General Causality orientations (GCOS), and Self-care behaviors (SDSCA) were used. Data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficients, regression analysis and t-test. According to results self-care behaviors showed a significant positive relation with autonomy orientation (and a significant negative relation with impersonal orientation.. Additionally, males and females didn’t differ in self care behaviors and causality orientations

The Effect of Art Therapy Based on Painting Therapy in Reducing Symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in Elementary School Boys

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of art therapy based on painting therapy on 30 children recruited from elementarily School Boys with symptom of oppositional defiant disorder who were 7-12 years old. To find and select the main subjects, two steps were taken. At the first step, children obtaining scores higher than cut-off in CHILD SYMPTOM INVENTORY-4 (CSI-4) were selected, and at the second step, for final selection, children were attended in the Structured Diagnostic Interview-based on DSM-IV-TR criteria. The researcher adopted interview/observation and the document analysis for qualitative study and went through the painting therapy by 12 sessions twice per week, and each session lasted 40minutes based on discussion and reviewing from parents and the teacher. An experimental and a pretest-posttest control group design method were applied in this regard. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as ANCOVA. The finding showed that experimental group did have a significant decrease in the symptoms of odd while the control group showed no significant difference