Hypertension after Bilateral Nephron Sparing Surgery for Bilateral Wilms

Background: Nephron sparing surgery (NSS) for unilateral Wilms tumor (WT) has been debated recently and is being used to preserve kidney tissue and function. However, NSS is feasible only for selected cases with higher local relapse rates. There is a significant reduction of nephrons with the development of renal hypertension and progressive renal failure. In this paper, we have analyzed outcomes after bilateral partial nephrectomy (PN) and unilateral partial plus contralateral total nephrectomy in our patients with bilateral WT.Methods: We have analyzed our four patients (8 kidneys) with bilateral WT and 8 unilateral complete resection. Kidney size was measured using volumetric analysis computed tomography scan imaging. The patients were matched with children who had undergone imaging of the abdomen for other malignancies.Results: Mean kidney volumes after unilateral partial plus total contralateral nephrectomy (60.9 cm3) were significantly greater than the reference kidneys. Total kidney volume was significantly larger after bilateral PN (98.1 cm3) versus unilateral partial plus total contralateral nephrectomy (60.9 cm3).Conclusions: Our findings suggest that patients with bilateral WT benefit from bilateral NSS. Hypertension is less common after bilateral PN. However, rates of local relapse or disease associated death are separately between the groups

A Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Multi Objective Flexible Job Shop Scheduling with Overlapping in Operations

In this paper, we considered solving approaches to flexible job shop problems. Makespan is not a good evaluation criterion with overlapping in operations assumption. Accordingly, in addition to makespan, we used total machine work loading time and critical machine work loading time as evaluation criteria. As overlapping in operations is a practical assumption in chemical, petrochemical, and glass industries, we used simulated annealing algorithm for multi-objective flexible job shop scheduling problem with overlapping in operations to find a suitable solution. To evaluate performance of the algorithm, we developed a mixed integer linear programming model, and solved it with the classical method (branch and bound). The results showed that in small size problems, the solutions of the proposed algorithm and the mathematical model were so close, and in medium size problems, they only had lower and upper bounds of solution and our proposed algorithm had a suitable solution. We used an experimental design for improving the proposed algorithm

Short-term complications of anesthetic technique used in hip fracture surgery in elderly people

Postoperative complications of fracture are one of the main problems in older patients with hip fracture. In this study, complications were observed 48 hours after surgery in different anesthetic procedures. This prospective cross sectional study was carried out over a 12-month period. All subjects over 55 years of age undergoing hip fracture surgery were selected for study with ASA class (American Society of Anesthesiology: one, two and three). After determining the vital signs in the operating room, anesthesia type (general, spinal and epidural) and various variables were recorded. It was observed that the spinal anesthesia method had the lowest level of postoperative disturbances of consciousness and had the shortest duration in terms of duration of time. On the other hand, general anesthesia was the least in terms of blood transfusion. Finally, epidural anesthetic method showed the least amount of pain 48 hours after operation and the least changes in blood pressure and heart rate

Preventing HIV transmission among Iranian prisoners: Initial support for providing education on the benefits of harm reduction practices

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Harm reduction is a health-centred approach that seeks to reduce the health and social harms associated with high-risk behaviors, such as illicit drug use. The objective of this study is to determine the association between the beliefs of a group of adult, male prisoners in Iran about the transmission of HIV and their high-risk practices while in prison.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2004. The study population was a random selection of 100 men incarcerated at Rajaei-Shahr prison. The data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Focus group discussions were held at the prison to guide the design of the questionnaire. The relationship between components of the Health Belief Model (HBM) and prisoners' risky HIV-related behaviors was examined.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient, a significant, positive association was found between the benefit component of the HBM and prisoners <it>not </it>engaging in HIV high-risk behaviors.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Educational harm reduction initiatives that promote the effectiveness of strategies designed to reduce the risk of HIV transmission may decrease prisoners' high-risk behaviors. This finding provides initial support for the Iran prison system's current offering of HIV/AIDS harm reduction programming and suggests the need to offer increased education about the effectiveness of HIV prevention practices.</p

Nanocasting Synthesis of Ultrafine WO3 Nanoparticles for Gas Sensing Applications

Ultrafine WO3 nanoparticles were synthesized by nanocasting route, using mesoporous SiO2 as a template. BET measurements showed a specific surface area of 700 m 2/gr for synthesized SiO2, while after impregnation and template removal, this area was reduced to 43 m 2/gr for WO3 nanoparticles. HRTEM results showed single crystalline nanoparticles with average particle size of about 5 nm possessing a monoclinic structure, which is the favorite crystal structure for gas sensing applications. Gas sensor was fabricated by deposition of WO3 nanoparticles between electrodes via low frequency AC electrophoretic deposition. Gas sensing measurements showed that this material has a high sensitivity to very low concentrations of NO2 at 250°C and 300°C

Platypygus kurdorum Paramonov 1929

&lt;i&gt;Platypygus kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; Paramonov, 1929 &lt;p&gt;(Figs. 4, 5)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Platypygus kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; Paramonov, 1929: 157, 158, 159&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Platypygus kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; var. &lt;i&gt;persicus&lt;/i&gt; Paramonov, 1934: 18.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Specimens examined.&lt;/b&gt; 10 females, 10 males, Barajin region, Barajin, 8 km North of Ghazvin City, Ghazvin province, N 36&deg;20'50&quot;, E 50&deg;04'15&quot;, 1512 m asl., 12 June 2008, sweeping on &lt;i&gt;Anthemis&lt;/i&gt; sp. (Asteraceae), [1 female, 3 males] (TMU); [3 females] (BPBM), leg. B. Gharali.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description.&lt;/b&gt; Female (Figs. 3 a, b). Head. Subglobular, slightly longer than high, eyes dichoptic, separated at vertex by 1.6 x distance between lateral ocelli; occiput wide, bare, black except narrow stripe extending upward to 3/4 occiput height; postgena slightly extended posteriorly as blunt process; vertex black, with black color extends slightly below level of median ocellus, ocellar triangle bare; frons bare, depressed medially as a longitudinal furrow, variable from completely yellow to yellow with Y-shaped black mark medially; antennae completely black, about 0.6 x head height in length, antennal ratio: 1.1: 1: 2.4: 1.3; scape cylindrical, 1.7 x greatest width; pedicel cylindrical, slightly longer than wide, first flagellomere oblong oval, length about 3 x greatest width; second flagellomere oblong oval, half length of first flagellomere, style bullet-shaped, length about 0.3 x second flagellomere; face yellowish white, bare; oral margin narrow, yellowish white; gena yellowish white; as narrow as oral margin; mentum yellow; labrum blackish brown, sclerotized, stiff, pointed apically; proboscis blackish brown, with minute hairs apicoventrally.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Thorax. Pronotum yellow with black trapezoidal mark medially; mesonotum (Fig. 3 f) yellowish white, completely bare, with three longitudinal black stripes on disc, two black spots next to transverse suture and narrow black band connecting ends of lateral stripes; lateral stripes extend from behind postpronotal lobes to posterior margin of postalar calli, median stripe extends from anterior margin of mesonotum, tapering apically; postpronotal lobes large, yellowish white; postalar calli yellowish white; scutellum yellowish white, bare; halter stem and knob yellowish white; pleura yellow except lower two thirds of katepisternum, spot on anepisternum adjacent to anterior spiracle, spot at anteroventral corner of anepimeron, and large spot on meron black.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Legs. Completely yellow except last four tarsal segments black and metatarsi brownish yellow; tarsal segments with minute bristles; claws black; pulvilli brownish, half of claws in length.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Wings (Fig. 3 d). Hyaline, veins blackish brown; costa ends slightly beyond vein R4+5; R2+3 originates from about middle of Rs; R4+5 sinuous; M1 curved, longer than M2; M2 straight; M3 straight, originating from middle of discal cell; CuA1 straight, reaching wing margin; anal vein reaching wing margin; humeral crossvein subequal to crossvein m1-m2; crossvein r-m slightly beyond middle of discal cell; crossvein m-cu subequal to crossvein r-m; br cell about 1.3 x bm cell; anal cell open by a width subequal to humeral crossvein; alula and alar squama reduced; fringe of hairs on posterior margin of wing shortest at wing tip becoming longer toward base.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Abdomen (Fig. 3 g). Tergite I almost black except lateral and very narrow posterior margin yellow; Tergites II to IV almost black except lateral and posterior margins yellow; tergite V yellow with a narrow black anterior margin, remainder of tergites yellow.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Female genitalia (Figs. 4 a, b). Furca U-shaped, sclerotized, lateral arms strongly sclerotized; without sclerotization around genital orifice; common spermathecal duct very short, brown, sclerotized; each spermathecal duct divided into two sections, the basal section, transversely striated, long, broad, basally sclerotized; the apical section as narrow and smooth tube, without distinct sperm pump or valves; basal part of median spermathecal duct narrower than that of lateral ducts, without striation, straight basally, remainder twisted spirally, gradually broadened toward apex; apical tubes eight times narrower than basal tubes, about 0.7 x that of basal tubes in length; lateral spermathecal ducts (only a small part shown in the illustration) about 4 x median duct in width; spermathecal reservoirs pear-shaped, slightly curved at middle, with a small cap apically, cap with hardly visible short and dense canaliculi.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Male (Fig. 2 c, j). Similar to female except the following:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;- Tergite IV yellow except very narrow black anterior margin; remainder of tergites yellow; hypopygium yellow except blackish brown processes of epandrium.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;- Male genitalia (Fig. 4 c&ndash;f). In lateral view, epandrium trapezoid, longer than high, with two short and acute processes; gonocoxites fused, H-shaped, with some bristly hairs laterally, with two long plates; plates medially twisted; gonostyli clavate, hollowed apically, deeply inserted in gonocoxites; aedeagal bulb large, basal aedeagal apodeme narrow in dorsal view, subrectangular in lateral view, extending forward as long and apically trilobate process.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Remarks.&lt;/b&gt; Paramonov (1929) originally described his new species &lt;i&gt;Platypygus kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; based on three specimens (a holotype deposited in Berlin; and two paratypes in his personal collection) collected from the Kurdistan region of Turkey but did not include this new species in his key. Because of the small genitalia that were hidden inside the last segments he was not able to identify the sex of his specimens without dissection. Indeed, he mentioned indirectly one of the diagnostic characters of &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; when compared with &lt;i&gt;P. titanomedea&lt;/i&gt;. Paramonov compared his new species with the similar &lt;i&gt;P. chrysanthemi&lt;/i&gt; which he distinguished by the bare occiput and antennae (antennae with very short but obvious hairs and occiput hairy in &lt;i&gt;P. chrysanthemi&lt;/i&gt;), the postgena more strongly developed as a blunt process (less developed in &lt;i&gt;P. chrysanthemi&lt;/i&gt;), and the diverging apical part of the lateral stripes on the mesonotum (parallel with median stripe in &lt;i&gt;P. chrysanthemi&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; In his second paper on this genus, Paramonov (1934) studied ten specimens of &lt;i&gt;Platypygus&lt;/i&gt; collected by Nicolai Alekseyivich Zarudny in the south of Iran and described a new variety as &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; var. &lt;i&gt;persicus&lt;/i&gt;. Unfortunately, Paramonov (1934) used some variable characters as the criteria for distinguishing his variety. We here list the all variable characters and note that it is advisable not to use these alone in order to distinguish new species or to inform phylogeny.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Length of proboscis&lt;/i&gt;: Paramonov (1934) in his original description used the length of proboscis as a diagnostic character for his new variety. He noted that &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; var. &lt;i&gt;persicus&lt;/i&gt; has a small proboscis with the length shorter than head length, (i.e., extending only to the tip of the oral cavity), but in &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; the proboscis is longer than the head length and extends beyond oral cavity. Many years later, Zaitzev (1987) used this character to separate the fossil genus &lt;i&gt;Proplatypygus&lt;/i&gt; from &lt;i&gt;Platypygus&lt;/i&gt; and mentioned for the latter genus that the proboscis is longer than head. His diagram (Fig. 13 page 158) also showed a hypothesized evolutionary trend of head characters in the genus &lt;i&gt;Platypygus&lt;/i&gt; including a proboscis length toward elongation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Zaitzev&rsquo;s (1987) diagram did not show the correct evolutionary trend of the postgenal character. The elongation of postgena as an acute process did not show a correct trend because members of the genus &lt;i&gt;Platypygus&lt;/i&gt; do not possess an acute and long postgenal process (Fig. 13e). Instead, this character is the diagnostic feature of &lt;i&gt;Cyrtisiopsis&lt;/i&gt; S&eacute;guy and &lt;i&gt;Cephalodromia&lt;/i&gt; Becker in the Palaearctic region.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Iranian specimens of the species &lt;i&gt;P. k u rd o r u m&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;P. titanomedea&lt;/i&gt; show a great variation in this character from a proboscis length shorter to much longer than the head length, so any interpretation of an evolutionary process based on this character is best avoided.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Black mark on the frons&lt;/i&gt;. This character is variable in &lt;i&gt;Platypygus titanomedea&lt;/i&gt; and highly variable in &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt;. Paramonov (1934) mentioned that the black mark on the frons in his variety &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; var. &lt;i&gt;persicus&lt;/i&gt; is not V-shaped and used it as one of differences to validate his designation. In specimens collected in the north of Iran we found different shapes of the black mark on the frons. The frons in &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; varies from yellow without any mark, to a black narrow stripe in the middle, to a distinct Y-shaped black mark that, at its extreme ends, reaches broadly to the inner eye margins. Also in &lt;i&gt;P. titanomedea&lt;/i&gt; the frons ranges from completely yellow to yellow with a black line in the middle. This character is used much for separating species in other genera of Mythicomyiidae but it should be used carefully and in combination with other stable characters to identify or describe new species in this genus.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Stripes and spots on the mesonotum&lt;/i&gt;. Paramonov (1934) noted in his description of &lt;i&gt;P. k u rd o r u m&lt;/i&gt; var. &lt;i&gt;persicus&lt;/i&gt; that the median stripe on the mesonotum ends before the posterior margin of mesonotum. This is also a slightly variable character and should be treated carefully for identification. The median stripe in some specimens of &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;P. titanomedea&lt;/i&gt; is narrowed apically and ends before the base of the scutellum and does not meet the lateral stripes posteriorly but sometimes it reaches to the scutellum and joins with the lateral stripes via a black transverse connector. The lateral black spots posterior to the transverse suture are slightly variable and infrequently coalesce with the admedian mesonotal stripes in &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; so as to be hardly identifiable as separate spots.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Also, the color of the body varies from yellow to yellowish white. Apparently, previous authors did not realize these variations because of the paucity of available specimens.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Unfortunately, the description of a new species by a single specimen created another taxonomic problem in this genus. Zaitzev (1966) in his review of Caucasus bee flies prepared a key along with some illustrations to the species of &lt;i&gt;Platypygus&lt;/i&gt;. His illustrations of &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; were a combination of Engel&rsquo;s figures and his own drawings. His misidentification is brought to light by checking the figures in detail and the description as follows:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Platypygus kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; has a bare body and the hairs on the mesonotum are minute and practically invisible; additionally, the antenna in this species is completely black and the mesonotum has a black spot adjacent to the transverse suture. These black spots sometimes coalesce with the transverse suture, nevertheless this connection is easily discerned. The postgena in &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; extends posteriorly as a blunt and short process. In Zaitzev&rsquo;s (1966) illustration (page 137, Fig. 402), the specimen has the two basal segments of the antennae pale, a normal postgena (without a backward extension) and a clearly hairy mesonotum without black spots posterior to the transverse suture. More importantly, the furca in &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; is without sclerotization around the genital orifice [in Zaitzev&rsquo;s figure (page 140, Fig. 410), there are two crescent-shaped sclerotized plates adjacent to genital orifice]. Also, the spermathecal reservoir shows a remarkable cylindrical cup in the illustration of Zaitzev (page 140, Fig. 412) but the real &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; has a pear-shaped reservoir with a very narrow cup apically (Fig. 4 b), which was depicted correctly in Theodor (1983: 33, fig. 61). The status of sclerotized plates (presence or absence) is an important diagnostic feature for separation of species in the genus &lt;i&gt;Platypygus&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; As a result, Zaitzev&rsquo;s (1966) illustrations, except those that have been reproduced from Engel&rsquo;s book [the latter of which represent true &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt;], do not belong to &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; and his species is much closer to our new species, &lt;i&gt;P. titanomedea,&lt;/i&gt; especially when comparing the female genitalia. However, this identification can only be confirmed by detailed study of Zaitzev&rsquo;s specimens. Due to unavailability of these specimens in our study, we have tentatively modified the distribution of &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; and limit it to two countries, Iran and Turkey.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Platypygus melinoproctus&lt;/i&gt; Loew, 1873 (Figs. 6, 7)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Platypygus melinoproctus&lt;/i&gt; Loew, 1873: 203.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Specimens examined.&lt;/b&gt; 5 females, 2 males, Shami Dasht, Tarom region, N 36&deg;35'28.5&quot;, E 49&deg;06' 78.9&quot;, 2591 m asl., Ghazvin province, white pan traps, 22 July 2009, leg. B. Gharali [1 male &amp; 1 female] (TMUC), others in personal collection of the first author.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description.&lt;/b&gt; Female (Fig.14). Head. subglobular, slightly longer than high, eyes dichoptic, separated at vertex by 1.7 x distance between lateral ocelli; occiput wide, postgena slightly extended posteriorly as blunt process; lower 1/5 of occiput yellow, remainder black with long white hairs, denser in upper part; vertex black, just to lower level of median ocellus; ocellar triangle with scattered long white hairs; frons yellow, depressed medially as a shallow longitudinal furrow, yellow, with long white hairs laterally; antennae 0.5 x head length, antennal ratio: 1: 0.7: 1.8: 1.1, scape cylindrical, yellow, slightly longer than wide; pedicel subglobular, blackish brown, first flagellomere oblong oval, 2.3 x greatest in length than width; second flagellomere oblong oval, 0.6 x length of first flagellomere, style bullet-shaped, minute; face yellow, with scattered long, white hairs; oral margin very narrow, yellow; gena yellow; mentum yellow; labrum blackish, sclerotized, stiff, pointed apically, slightly shorter than proboscis; proboscis brownish, with fleshy wide labellum, length shorter than head height.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Thorax. Pronotum yellow with blackish brown spot dorsally; mesonotum yellow, with dense, white, long hairs throughout, with 3 longitudinal black stripes on mesonotum; lateral stripes extend from level of anterior spiracle to posterior margin of postalar calli, median stripe extends from anterior margin of mesonotum to &frac34; length of mesonotum with straight posterior margin; postpronotal lobes large and yellow; postalar calli yellow; scutellum yellow with black mark basomedially, with dense, long, white hairs; halter stem and knob yellow; pleura yellow except lower two thirds of katepisternum, and large basomadial spot on meron black leaving anterior margin and upper part of meron yellow.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Legs. Completely yellow except third tarsal segment brownish yellow, last two segments black; tarsal segments with minute black bristles; claws black; pulvilli white, as long as claws.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Wings (Fig. 19). Hyaline, veins brownish; costa ends slightly beyond R4+5; R2+3 originates from about the middle of Rs; R2+3 straight; R4+5 sinuous; M1 curved; M2 straight; M3 straight; CuA1 slightly curved; Anal vein thin, reaching wing margin; humeral crossvein as long as crossvein r-m; r-m longer than crossvein m-m, about the middle of discal cell, originates from middle of discal cell; br cell 1.3 x bm cell; discal cell closed before wing margin by length subequal to crossvein r-m; anal cell narrowly open, alula and alar squama reduced, fringe of hairs on posterior margin of wing shortest at wing tip becoming longer toward base.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Abdomen. Tergites completely yellow except tergites I to III with black transverse stripe, with dense black bristly hairs medially, laterally with soft yellowish white hairs; sternites completely yellow.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Female genitalia (Figs. 16&ndash;18). Furca U-shaped, sclerotized, lateral arms strongly sclerotized; with two sclerotized plates next to vaginal opening, common oviduct very short, brown, sclerotized; each spermathecal duct divided into two sections, a striated, shortly sclerotized and broad basal tube, and a narrow, long and smooth apical tube; without distinct sperm pump or valves; basal tube of median spermathecal duct narrower than that of lateral ducts, twisted spirally in median section, gradually broadened apically; apical tube narrower than basal tube, very long, 3.5 x basal tube; width of lateral spermathecal ducts about 2.5 x that of median duct; basal section of lateral spermathecal duct subequal to apical section; spermathecal reservoirs pear-shaped, about 2 x longer than greatest width, sclerotized with a small cap and a few long canaliculi.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Male (Fig.15). As female except the following:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hairs on femur and tibia longer and denser; hairs on lower part of face denser; abdominal tergite IV and sometimes V with a narrow black transverse stripe; hypopygium yellow except two narrow processes of epandrium blackish brown.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Male genitalia (Figs. 20&ndash;26). In lateral view, epandrium rectangular, longer than high, with two small acute processes, length about half that of epandrium; gonocoxites fused, apically round, gonostyli rod-shaped, acute apically, deeply inserted in gonocoxites, medially with well sclerotized denticles; in lateral view, basal aedeagal apodeme subrectangular, extending forward as long process.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Remarks.&lt;/b&gt; This is a rare species in the north of Iran. Only seven specimens were collected by white pan traps in a mountainous area.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Gharali, Babak, Evenhuis, Neal, Kamali, Karim &amp; Talebi, Ali Asghar, 2011, A review of the genus Platypygus Loew (Mythicomyiidae: Platypyginae) in Iran, with notes on Cyrtisiopsis maculiventris (Loew) n. comb., pp. 25-40 in Zootaxa 2979&lt;/i&gt; on pages 30-38, DOI: &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/204417"&gt;10.5281/zenodo.204417&lt;/a&gt

Bilateral Intraocular Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Case Report

Here we report the case of a 1.5-year-old Iraqi boy who was referred for chemotherapy after left eye enucleation. The patient had a history of left eye leukocoria since 2 months of age. According to history, physical examination and paraclinical work up, he was first diagnosed as a case of retinoblastoma by an ophthalmologist. However, the pathology report favored embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. In conclusion, a patient with leukocoria should be evaluated carefully for other underlying malignancies

FIGURES 1–10. A in Two new species of the genus Apolysis (Apolysini, Bombyliidae, Diptera) from the north of Iran

FIGURES 1–10. A. pusilloides (1–3, 5–9) and A. pusilla (4, 10). 1. female lateral view, 2. male same, 3. spermathecal reservoir, 4. female head lateral view, 5. vaginal furca 6. female genitalia, 7. female head lateral view, 8. sperm pump, 9. female wing, 10. female wing.Published as part of Gharali, Babak, Kamali, Karim, Evenhuis, Neal & Talebi, Ali Asghar, 2010, Two new species of the genus Apolysis (Apolysini, Bombyliidae, Diptera) from the north of Iran, pp. 41-52 in Zootaxa 2441 on page 43, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19496

Platypygus titanomedea Gharali & Evenhuis, sp. nov.

&lt;i&gt;Platypygus titanomedea&lt;/i&gt; Gharali &amp; Evenhuis, sp. nov. &lt;p&gt;(Figs. 1 &amp; 2)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Diagnosis.&lt;/b&gt; Frons entirely yellow; scape and pedicel yellow; mesonotum covered with dense, fine, long, pale hairs, with three longitudinal black stripes and two black spots; male genitalia huge, well exposed; furca of female genitalia with two sclerotized plates next to genital orifice, spermathecal reservoirs acorn-shaped.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Specimens examined.&lt;/b&gt; 40 males and 40 females, Zereshk Pass, North of Ghazvin city, Ghazvin province, N 36&deg;28'85&quot;, E 50&deg;10'80&quot;, 1738 m asl., 24 June 2009, swept on &lt;i&gt;Gypsophila bicolor&lt;/i&gt;, leg. B. Gharali; 2 males and 2 females, Marand, Payam region, N 38&deg;20'15&quot;, E 45&deg;46'59&quot;, 1914 m asl., 3 August 2009, sweeping, leg. B. Gharali.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Type depositories.&lt;/b&gt; Holotype female and 9 paratypes [4 males, 5 females], Zereshk pass (TMUC); 16 paratypes [8 males 8 females] (BPBM); 20 paratypes [10 males, 10 females], data same as holotype (IRIPP); other paratypes (12 males, 12 females), data same as holotype, in personal collection of the first author.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description.&lt;/b&gt; Holotype female. Length 2.8 mm.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Head (Figs. 1 b &amp; k). Subglobular, slightly longer than high; eyes dichoptic, separated at vertex by 1.7 x distance between lateral ocelli; occiput wide, 0.2 x eye width, yellow at lower third, remainder black, with long white hairs, hairs denser in upper part; postgena minutely extended posteriorly as blunt process; vertex black, with black color extends triangularly below median ocellus; ocellar triangle with scattered short white hairs; frons depressed medially as longitudinal furrow, yellow, with long white hairs laterally; antennal length (Fig. 1 f) 0.5 x head height, basal two segments of antennae yellow, remainder black, antennal ratio: 1.2: 1: 2.1: 1.4; scape obconical, 1.5 x as long as widest part; pedicel subcylindrical, slightly longer than wide; first flagellomere oblong oval, length about 2 x greatest width; second flagellomere cylindrical, length 0.7 x that of first flagellomere, style bullet-shaped, length 0.3 x that of second flagellomere; face yellow, with scattered long and white hairs; oral margin very narrow, yellow; gena yellow, as narrow as oral margin; mentum yellow; labrum blackish, sclerotized, stiff, pointed apically; proboscis blackish, with fleshy wide labellum.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Thorax (Figs. 1 c, 1h). Pronotum yellow with black mark medially; mesonotum yellow, with dense and white long hairs, with three longitudinal black stripes on disc and two black spots next to transverse suture; black stripes joined together by a transverse black band posteriorly; lateral stripes extend from posterior margin of postpronotal lobes to scutellum, median stripe from anterior margin of mesonotum to scutellum, postpronotal lobes large, yellow; postalar calli yellow; scutellum yellow with a triangular black mark basomedially, with long white hairs throughout; halter stem and knob yellow; pleura yellow except lower two thirds of katepisternum black and a large black basomedial spot on meron leaving anterior margin and upper part of meron yellow.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Legs. Completely yellow except last three tarsal segments faintly brownish; claws black; pulvilli white, as long as claws.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Wings (Fig. 1 j). Hyaline, veins yellow at base, becoming brownish apically; costa ends slightly beyond R4+5; R2+3 originates from about the middle of Rs; R4+5 sinuous, ending in costa well beyond the level of M2; M1 curved, longer than M2; M2 straight; M3 straight, originates from middle of discal cell; CuA1 straight, reaching wing margin&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; 2. &lt;i&gt;P. k u rd o r u m&lt;/i&gt; Paramonov is usually found on the plant family Asteraceae (e.g., &lt;i&gt;Anthemis&lt;/i&gt; sp.).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;freely; humeral crossvein as long as crossvein r-m; crossvein m1-m2 shorter than crossvein r-m; crossvein m-cu as long as crossvein r-m; crossvein r-m slightly beyond the middle of discal cell; discal cell closed, length 2.7 x widest part; anal cell narrowly open, alula and alar squama reduced; fringe of hairs on posterior margin of wing shortest at wing tip becoming longer toward base.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Abdomen (Fig. 1 e). Tergites predominantly black except posterior and lateral margins yellow with long white hairs; sternites completely yellow.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Female genitalia: (Figs. 2 f, 2g). Furca U-shaped, sclerotized, much sclerotized in lateral arms; with two sclerotized plates next to vaginal opening; common spermathecal duct very short, brown, sclerotized; lateral spermathecal ducts about 2 x width of median duct; without distinct sperm pump or valves; each spermathecal duct divided into two sections, a basal section as a striated, long and broad tube, shortly sclerotized proximally, widening gradually toward tip and end as a small bulb, and an apical section as a narrow and smooth tube, 1/6 width of basal tube, 0.4 x length of basal tube; basal part of median spermathecal duct much narrower than that of lateral ducts, without striation, twisted spirally in median section, gradually broadened apically, expanded as a small bulb at the end; spermathecal reservoirs acorn-shaped with apically rounded caps, height of caps about 3/4 of basal part.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Male (Fig. 1 a). Similar to female except the following:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Yellow color of tergites expanding anteriorly toward last tergites, so three last tergites are almost entirely yellow; hypopygium very large, prominent, yellow except epandrium brown posteriorly and its long processes blackish brown.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Male genitalia. (Figs. 2 a&ndash;d). In lateral view epandrium trapezoid, height subequal to greatest width, with two long processes posteroventrally; cerci membranous, not evident, gonocoxites suboval, fused narrowly, medially with a pair of less sclerotized and clavate processes; gonostyli clavate, stem long, deeply inserted in gonocoxites, apically much sclerotized, hollowed; epiphallus conical; aedeagal bulb large, ventrally with two small triangular processes basally; basal aedeagal apodeme subquadrate with forwardly oriented rectangular and narrower plate in lateral view, length about 1.5 x that of lateral apodeme; lateral aedeagal apodemes subrectangular, length 2.3 x greatest width.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Remarks.&lt;/b&gt; Using Engel&rsquo;s key (1933) to the species of &lt;i&gt;Platypygus&lt;/i&gt; in the Palaearctic region, &lt;i&gt;P. titanomedea&lt;/i&gt; runs to &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum,&lt;/i&gt; but both Engel&rsquo;s (1933) and Paramonov&rsquo;s (1929) keys included only a part of the Palaearctic species, so &lt;i&gt;P. titanomedea&lt;/i&gt; is here compared with all related species. Adult males of the new species are easily distinguished from the related species by the huge and well exposed male genitalia, and females are separated from related species by the following characters, which are also applicable to males.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; It is similar to &lt;i&gt;Platypygus kurdorum&lt;/i&gt; Zaitzev, 1975 but is easily distinguished by the hairy mesonotum (bare in &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt;), the two yellow basal segments of antennae (completely black antennae in &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt;) and the presence of two sclerotized plates adjacent to the genital orifice in the female genitalia (without sclerotization around the genital orifice in &lt;i&gt;P. kurdorum&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;i&gt;Platypygus titanomedea&lt;/i&gt; is also separated easily from &lt;i&gt;P. lativentris&lt;/i&gt; by the yellow halter (with a black spot on the knob of the halter in &lt;i&gt;P. lativentris&lt;/i&gt;) and the yellow frons (with a wide black stripe in &lt;i&gt;P. lativentris&lt;/i&gt;). It is also distinguished from &lt;i&gt;P. melinoproctus&lt;/i&gt; by the soft and pale hairs on the abdomen (bristly black hairs in &lt;i&gt;P. melinoproctus&lt;/i&gt;), and the two black spots behind the transverse suture (without black spots in &lt;i&gt;P. melinoproctus&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;i&gt;Platypygus titanomedea&lt;/i&gt; is separated from &lt;i&gt;P. chrysanthemi&lt;/i&gt; by the color of hairs on mesonotum. In the former species these hairs are completely pale but in the latter the hairs on mesonotum are completely black. The hairs on the mesonotum are moderately weak and may be matted by handling (especially on disc) so in dubious cases the lateral margin of the mesonotum and the other diagnostic characters (including antennal color, female genitalia) should be checked for correct identification of female specimens.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Variability.&lt;/b&gt; The black mark on the frons is somewhat variable and ranges from no mark to a narrow black stripe in the middle. The proboscis length is highly variable and ranges from shorter to much longer than head (the shortness could be due to retraction of the proboscis within the head capsule in some specimens). Also the end of the median black stripe on the mesonotum is sometimes narrowed, pointed, and separated from the posterior margin of the mesonotum.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Distribution.&lt;/b&gt; Currently known from northern Iran (Ghazvin, East Azerbaijan &amp; Zanjan provinces) (Fig. 10) but future examination of specimens that were misidentified as &lt;i&gt;P. k u rd o r u m&lt;/i&gt; by Zaitzev (1966) may show a wider distribution for &lt;i&gt;P. titanomedea&lt;/i&gt; including Middle Asia and the Caucasus regions.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Etymology.&lt;/b&gt; The specific epithet derives from the combination of two Latin words, &lt;i&gt;titan&lt;/i&gt; = &ldquo;large size&rdquo; and &lt;i&gt;medea&lt;/i&gt; = &ldquo;genitalia&rdquo; referring to very large and well exposed male genitalia in which the epandrium is much larger than the other parts and is easily seen without dissection.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Plant association.&lt;/b&gt; This species was frequently collected on the flowers of &lt;i&gt;Gypsophila bicolor&lt;/i&gt; (Freyn &amp; Sint.) Grossh., 1919 (Caryophyllaceae) (Fig. 8 a, b), a common plant in the north of Iran, and is also widely distributed in Turkey, Transcaucasia, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, and Armenia, so &lt;i&gt;P. titanomedea&lt;/i&gt; could potentially be found in these regions in association with this plant.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Gharali, Babak, Evenhuis, Neal, Kamali, Karim &amp; Talebi, Ali Asghar, 2011, A review of the genus Platypygus Loew (Mythicomyiidae: Platypyginae) in Iran, with notes on Cyrtisiopsis maculiventris (Loew) n. comb., pp. 25-40 in Zootaxa 2979&lt;/i&gt; on pages 27-30, DOI: &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/204417"&gt;10.5281/zenodo.204417&lt;/a&gt