Empowering light and electron microscopic approach towards promising in-vivo anti – trypanosomal activity of piper sarmentosum leaf

This study demonstrated how the manipulation of natural plant, Piper sarmentosum, promisingly can solve the endemicity of vector-borne zoonotic manifestation of atypical human trypanosomiasis (AHT) and Surra disease in livestock. The effectiveness of P. sarmentosum leaves on the growth and survival of the haemoflagellate protozoa T. evansi was compared with Berenil (C18H22N8O3). Groups of male ICR mice (6-8 weeks old, 25-30g body weight) were intraperitoneally (i.p) administered with the parasite at 5.0 × 103 T. evansi/mouse and orally given pre- and post-infection treatments with 0.2 mL of 10 mg/mL of P. sarmentosum-dH2O extract per mouse. Using Giemsa stained blood smear, microscopically, the development of parasite cells were assessed and the toxicity level of blood enzymes and selected vital organs and survival rate of the mice were also investigated. The morphological changes of T. evansi cells were evidenced and a positive correlation (p ≤ 0.05, n = 6) were recorded between the mice survival time and the ability to inhibit the parasites growth in pre-infection treatment group. Besides, the mice in PRE14 group (daily treated with P. sarmentosum-dH2O extract from 14 days before infection) was also recorded the longest pre-patent (42.71 ± 1.5 days) and survival (285.15 ± 3.6 days) period. The results for biochemical tests were significantly situated in the normal ranged level for all regimens as well as no abnormalities and injuries found on the selected vital organs. This study significantly evidenced that P. sarmentosum could be manipulated as a potential antiparasitic alternative drug towards T. evansi for the preservation and welfare of human and livestock beings

In vivo antimalarial assessment and toxicity evaluation of garlic (Allium sativum) in plasmodium berghei NK65-induced mice

Garlic or Allium sativum is widely applied as alternative medicine and in ethnopharmacological studies. This study was done to evaluate the antimalarial properties of aqueous extract of garlic against Plasmodium berghei NK65. The groups of male ICR mice were intraperitoneally (i.p) infected with 0.1 mL of 1 × 107 parasitised red blood cells (RBC) before being orally given pre- and post-infection treatments with 0.2 mL of 100 mg/kg body weight (bw) of freeze-dried aqueous garlic extract. Parasitemia was microscopically examined and measured by Giemsa stained thin blood smear. There was a positive correlation (p<0.05, n = 6) for all assessed parameters; parasitemia density (%), survival time (day) and the ability to inhibit the parasite growth (%) between pre-treated infected mice with the other groups. However, the value recorded was still lower compared to the mice treated with commercial antimalarial drug primaquine and chloroquine. However, biochemical parameters of treated animals were in the normal range indicative of no toxicity. Histological examination showed no abnormalities and injuries on the selected vital organs. This study proved garlic has potential as alternative antimalarial dru

Piper Sarmentosum leaf as a promising non-toxic antimalarial agent against Plasmodium berghei NK65-Induced mice

As the most threatening human parasitic disease, the malarial etiological agents were reported to be resistant against nearly all current antimalarial drugs. On top of that, Piper sarmentosum is widely applied as alternative medicine and in ethnopharmacological studies. This study was done to evaluate the antimalarial properties of aqueous extract of P. sarmentosum against Plasmodium berghei NK65 and its demonstrated how the manipulation of this natural planted vegetable promisingly can solve a manifestation of malaria in animal model. By using the four days suppression test (4DST) method in P. berghei NK65-infected ICR male mice (25-30 g, 6-8 weeks old), the mice were intraperitoneally (i.p) infected with 0.1 mL of 1.0 x 107 parasitized red blood cells (RBC) before being orally given pre- and post-infection treatments with 0.2 mL of 100 mg/kg body weight (bw) of freeze-drying undergoes aqueous P. sarmentosum extract. By using Giemsa stained, the thin blood smear was microscopically examined and measured. The results showed that the mice treated with 0.2 mL of 100 mg/kg bw P. sarmentosum-dH20 extract at 14 days pre-infection treatment were recorded 83.6 % of inhibition rate and 50 % of the mice in this group had survived for more than 7 months post-infection. Besides, there was also a positive correlation (p≤0.05, n = 6) for all assessed parameters; parasitemia density (%), survival time (day) and the ability to inhibit the parasite growth (%) between pre-treated infected mice with the other groups. However, the value recorded was still lower compared with the mice treated with commercial primaquine and chloroquine. Somehow, the results for biochemical tests were positively situated in the normal ranged level. Histologically, no abnormalities and injuries were found on the selected vital organs. This study significantly evidenced that P. sarmentosum could be manipulated as a potential antimalarial alternative drug for the preservation and welfare of human being

In-vivo antiparasitic assessment and toxicity evaluation of Curcuma longa against the growth and survival of Trypanosoma evansi

Realizing that Trypanosoma evansi is now has been potentially trans-infected to human from animals, this study demonstrated how the manipulation of natural spice, Curcuma longa (turmeric), promisingly can solve the endemicity of vector-borne zoonotic manifestation of atypical human trypanosomiasis (AHT) and Surra disease in livestock. The effectiveness of C. longa roots on the growth and survival of the haemoflagellate protozoa Trypanosoma evansi was compared with Berenil (C18H22N8O3). Groups of male ICR mice (6 – 8 weeks old, 20 – 25g body weight) were intraperitoneally (i.p) administered with the parasite at 5.0 × 103 T. evansi/mouse and orally given pre- and post-infection treatments with10 µg/mL of C. longa-dH2O extract at 0.1 mL/mouse. Using Giemsa stained blood smear and examined under light and scanning electron microscopes (SEM), the morphological changes of parasite cells were assessed. Toxicity level of blood enzymes and selected vital organs and survival rate of the mice were also investigated. The morphological changes of T. evansi cells were evidenced. The cell became crescent-shaped and the undulating membrane was destroyed where both posterior and anterior ends were tapered before the flagellum disintegrated in which lead to death of the cells. A positive correlation (p ≤ 0.05, n = 6) were recorded between the mice survival time and the ability to inhibit the parasites growth in pre-infection treatment group. Besides, the mice in PRE14 group (daily treated with C. longa-dH2O extract from 14 days before infection) was also recorded the longest pre-patent (39.15 ± 3.3 days) and survival (228.75 ± 2.6 days) period. Except for AST level for sub-acute regime group which was a bit elevated, the results for biochemical tests were significantly situated in the normal ranged level for all regimens as well as no abnormalities and injuries found on the selected vital organs. This study significantly evidenced that C. longa could be manipulated as a potential antitrypanosomal alternative drug for the preservation and welfare of human and livestock beings

In-Vivo antiparasitic activity and toxicity evaluation of Trichosanthes Cucumerina against the growth and survival of Zoonotic Haemoflagellate, Trypanosoma Evansi in mice

Morphological changes of the cell are frequently used as indirect indicators of the effect of studied materials on targeted cells. This study demonstrated how the manipulation of natural planted vegetable, Trichosanthes cucumerina (snake gourd) promisingly can solve a vector-borne zoonotic manifestation of atypical human trypanosomiasis (AHT). The effectiveness of T. cucumerina on the growth and survival of the haemoflagellate protozoa Trypanosoma evansi was compared with commercial anti-trypanosome drug, Berenil (C18H22N8O3). Groups of male ICR mice of 6 – 8 weeks old and 20 – 25 g body weight (bw) were intraperitoneally (i.p) administered with the parasite at 5.0 × 103 T. evansi/mouse and orally given pre- and post-infection treatments with 0.2 mL of 100 mg/kg bw of freeze-drying undergoes T. cucumerina aqueous extract. Using Giemsa stained blood smear and examined under light and scanning electron microscopes (SEM), the morphological changes of parasite cells were assessed. A significant correlation (p ≤ 0.05, n = 6) was recorded between the survival time and the ability to inhibit the parasites growth for PRE14 group where the mice were orally treated with 0.2 mL of 100 mg/kg bw T. cucumerina aqueous extract starting from day 14th before the infection. Besides, the mice in this group was also recorded the longest pre-patent (38.51 ± 3.32 days) and survival (211.74 ± 2.60 days) period. The results for biochemical tests were significantly situated in the normal ranged level. Histologically, no abnormalities found on the selected vital organs. The morphological changes of T. evansi cells were evidenced where the undulating membrane was destroyed and the cell became crescent-shaped before both posterior and anterior ends were tapered and the flagellum was finally disintegrated from the cell in which lead to death of the parasite. This study significantly evidenced that T. cucumerina has a stronger and promising anti-parasitic activity against T. evansi and could be manipulated for the preservation and welfare of human beings, animals and environment

Piper sarmentosum leaf as a promising non-toxic antiparasitic agent against Trypanosoma evansi-induced mice.

Realizing that Trypanosoma evansi is now has been potentially trans-infected to human from animals, this study demonstrated how the manipulation of natural plant, Piper sarmentosum, promisingly can solve the endemicity of vector-borne zoonotic manifestation of atypical human trypanosomiasis (AHT) and Surra disease in livestock. The effectiveness of P. sarmentosum leaves on the growth and survival of the haemoflagellate protozoa T. evansi was compared with Berenil (C18H22N8O3). Groups of male ICR mice (6-8 weeks old, 25-30g body weight) were intraperitoneally (i.p) administered with the parasite at 5.0 × 103 T. evansi/mouse and orally given pre- and post-infection treatments with 0.2 mL of 10 mg/mL of P. sarmentosum-dH2O extract per mouse. Using Giemsa stained blood smear, microscopically, the development of parasite cells were assessed and the toxicity level of blood enzymes and selected vital organs and survival rate of the mice were also investigated. The morphological changes of T. evansi cells were evidenced and a positive correlation (p ≤ 0.05, n = 6) were recorded between the mice survival time and the ability to inhibit the parasites growth in pre-infection treatment group. Besides, the mice in PRE14 group (daily treated with P. sarmentosum-dH2O extract from 14 days before infection) was also recorded the longest pre-patent (42.71 ± 1.5 days) and survival (285.15 ± 3.6 days) period. The results for biochemical tests were significantly situated in the normal ranged level for all regimens as well as no abnormalities and injuries found on the selected vital organs. This study significantly evidenced that P. sarmentosum could be manipulated as a potential antiparasitic alternative drug towards T. evansi for the preservation and welfare of human and livestock beings

One Health (OH) concept on the assessment of in-vivo antiparasitic activity of nerolidol against the growth and survival of zoonotic haemoflagellate protozoa, Trypanosoma evansi.

The concept of One Health (OH) emphasizes on how the involvement of multidisciplinary careers can be jointly approached to ensure the safety and health of humans and animals, as well as to maintain the environmental sustainability. Towards the end of this study, the authors demonstrated how the manipulation of bioactive compound namely nerolidol or 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol (C12H26O), extracted from the seed of natural planted spice, Eiettaria cardamomum (cardamom), promisingly can solve the endemicity of vector-borne zoonotic manifestation of trypanosomiasis. By assessing the cell morphological changes and toxicity assessment of blood enzymes and vital organs, nerolidol was compared with Berenil (C18H22N8O3) on the growth and survival of the animal haemoflagellate protozoa Trypanosoma evansi. Groups of male ICR strain mice (6 – 8 weeks old, 20 – 25g body weight) were intraperitoneally (i.p) infected with the parasite at 5.0 × 103 T. evansi per mouse and orally given pre-, concurrent- and post-infection treatments with 0.1 ml of nerolidol at 10 µg/ml per mouse. By using Giemsa stained blood slides and examined under the light and scanning electron microscopes (SEM), there was a positive correlation (p ≤ 0.05, n = 6) between the mice survival time and the ability to inhibit the parasites growth in pre-infection treatment group. The mice in this group was also recorded the longest pre-patent (42.19 ± 1.2 days) and survival (264.58 ± 0.6 days) period. The morphological changes of T. evansi cells were observed where the undulating membrane was destroyed other than the cell became crescent-shaped and both of the posterior and anterior ends were tapered before the flagellum disintegrated in which lead to death of the cells. Besides, the results for biochemical tests were positively situated in the normal ranged level as well as no abnormalities found on the selected vital organs. This study significantly evidenced that nerolidol could be manipulated for the preservation and welfare of human beings, animals and environment. Thus, it is suggested that the scientists and practitioners from many disciplines needs to initiate to work collaboratively to synthesize and develop the novel solutions towards the trypanosomiasis which was problematize to the policy makers and people who deal with human and veterinary medicine

In vivo antimalarial activity of Trichosanthes cucumerina against Plasmodium berghei NK65 in mice

Undoubtedly, malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease that is increasingly being given attention by many researchers in their efforts to find the best drugs for its treatment. Four groups of mice (6-8 weeks old, 20-25 gram body weight (g bw)) were inoculated with Plasmodium berghei NK65 intraperitoneally (i.p.) at 1.0 × 106 infected red blood cells (RBC) before being orally treated for the prophylactic and curative treatment regime with 0.2 mL of 100 mg/kg bw freeze-dried T. cucumerina aqueous extract. Parasitemia levels and inhibition rates were microscopically measured using Giemsa stained blood smear method. Trichosanthes cucumerina possessed strong antimalarial activities against P. berghei NK65 infection in mice. A significant correlation was successfully recorded between the survival time of the seven-day prophylactic treatment group (P7) with its ability to inhibit parasite growth as compared to the curative treatment groups. However, these values are still incomparable to the control group treated with the commercial drugs primaquine and chloroquine. In addition, blood biochemical toxicity analysis of ALT, AST, ALP, and STP showed that acute and sub-acute toxicity treatments of T. cucumerina did not cause liver injury and were non-toxic to the animals. Thus, this study significantly proves (p≤0.05, n=6) that T. cucumerina has antiparasitic properties that can be manipulated as an alternative antimalarial drug

One health concept on the in-vivo antiparasitic activity and toxicity evaluation of Eiettaria cardamomum against the growth and survival of zoonotic Haemoflagellate, Trypanosoma Evansi

One Health (OH) concept summarized an idea that human health and animal health are interdependent and bound to the health of ecosystem and environment in which they exist. The concept of One Health (OH) emphasizes on how the involvement of multidisciplinary careers can be jointly approached to ensure the safety and health of humans and animals, and to maintain the environmental sustainability. Realizing that Trypanosoma evansi is now has been potentially transinfected to human, this study demonstrated how the manipulation of natural spice, Eiettaria cardamomum (cardamom) seeds, promisingly can solve the endemicity of vector-borne zoonotic manifestation of atypical human trypanosomiasis (AHT) or Surra disease. The effectiveness of E. cardamomum seeds on the growth and survival of the haemoflagellate protozoa Trypanosoma evansi was compared with Berenil (C18H22N8O3). Groups of male ICR mice (6 – 8 weeks old, 20 – 25g body weight) were intraperitoneally (i.p) administered with the parasite at 5.0 × 103 T. evansi/mouse and orally given pre-, concurrent- and post-infection treatments with10 µg/mL of E. cardamomum-dH2O extract at 0.1 mL/mouse. Using Giemsa stained blood smear and examined under light and scanning electron microscopes (SEM), the morphological changes of parasite cells were assessed. Toxicity level of blood enzymes and selected vital organs and survival rate of the mice were also investigated. The morphological changes of T. evansi cells were evidenced. The cell became crescent-shaped and the undulating membrane was destroyed where both posterior and anterior ends were tapered before the flagellum disintegrated in which lead to death of the cells. A positive correlation (p ≤ 0.05, n = 6) were recorded between the mice survival time and the ability to inhibit the parasites growth in pre-infection treatment group. Besides, the mice in this group was also recorded the longest pre-patent (31.37 ± 2.1 days) and survival (237.14 ± 3.8 days) period. The results for biochemical tests were significantly situated in the normal ranged level as well as no abnormalities found on the selected vital organs. This study positively indicated that E. cardamomum could be utilized for the preservation and welfare of human beings, animals and environment, as well as for sustainability of the natural planted herbs. It is suggested that the scientists and practitioners from many disciplines needs to initiate to work collaboratively to synthesize and develop the novel solutions towards E. cardamomum against AHT and Surra disease that problematize to the policy makers, veterinarian and medical practitioner nowadays

Trichosanthes cucumerina as a promising non-toxic antimalarial agent against Plasmodium berghei NK65 in animal model

Malarial etiological agents were reported to be resistant against nearly all antimalarial drugs. Besides, Trichosanthes cucumerina is widely applied as vegetable in daily diets and in ethnopharmacological studies. This study was done to evaluate the antimalarial properties of aqueous extract of T. cucumerina against Plasmodium berghei NK65 and to demonstrate how this vegetable promisingly can solve a manifestation of malaria in animal model. By using the four days suppression test (4DST) method in P. berghei NK65-infected ICR male mice (25-30 g, 6-8 weeks old), the mice were intraperitoneally (i.p) infected with 0.1 mL of 1.0 x 107 parasitized red blood cells (RBC) before being orally given pre- and post-infection treatments with 0.2 mL of 100 mg/kg body weight (bw) of freeze-drying undergoes aqueous T. cucumerina extract. Microscopically, the thin blood smear showed that the mice treated with 0.2 mL of 100 mg/kg bw T. cucumerina-dH20 extract at 14 days pre-infection treatment were recorded 83.6 % of inhibition rate and 50 % of the mice in this group had survived for more than 7 months post-infection. The results for biochemical tests were positively situated in the normal ranged level. Histologically, no abnormalities and injuries were found on the selected vital organs. This study significantly evidenced that T. cucumerina could be manipulated as a potential antimalarial alternative drug for the preservation and welfare of human being