Single Medial Prefrontal Neurons Cope with Error

Learning from mistakes is a key feature of human behavior. However, the mechanisms underlying short-term adaptation to erroneous action are still poorly understood. One possibility relies on the modulation of attentional systems after an error. To explore this possibility, we have designed a Stroop-like visuo-motor task in monkeys that favors incorrect action. Using this task, we previously found that single neurons recorded from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were closely tuned to behavioral performance and, more particularly, that the activity of most neurons was biased towards the evaluation of erroneous action. Here we describe single neurons engaged in both error detection and response alertness processing, whose activation is closely associated with the improvement of subsequent behavioral performance. Specifically, we show that the effect of a warning stimulus on neuronal firing is enhanced after an erroneous response rather than a successful one and that this outcome is correlated with an error rate decrease. Our results suggest that the anterior cingulate cortex, which exhibits this activity, serves as a powerful computational locus for rapid behavioral adaptation

Prediction of Clinical Deep Brain Stimulation Target for Essential Tremor From 1.5 Tesla MRI Anatomical Landmarks

International audienceBackground: Deep brain stimulation is an efficacious treatment for refractory essential tremor, though targeting the intra-thalamic nuclei remains challenging. Objectives: We sought to develop an inverse approach to retrieve the position of the leads in a cohort of patients operated on with optimal clinical outcomes from anatomical landmarks identifiable by 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Methods: The learning database included clinical outcomes and post-operative imaging from which the coordinates of the active contacts and those of anatomical landmarks were extracted. We used machine learning regression methods to build three different prediction models. External validation was performed according to a leave-one-out cross-validation. Results: Fifteen patients (29 leads) were included, with a median tremor improvement of 72% on the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin scale. Kernel ridge regression, deep neural networks, and support vector regression (SVR) were used. SVR gave the best results with a mean error of 1.33 ± 1.64 mm between the predicted target and the active contact position. Conclusion: We report an original method for the targeting in deep brain stimulation for essential tremor based on patients' radio-anatomical features. This approach will be tested in a prospective clinical trial

Short and long term outcome of bilateral pallidal stimulation in chorea-acanthocytosis

BACKGROUND: Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is a neuroacanthocytosis syndrome presenting with severe movement disorders poorly responsive to drug therapy. Case reports suggest that bilateral deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventro-postero-lateral internal globus pallidus (GPi) may benefit these patients. To explore this issue, the present multicentre (n=12) retrospective study collected the short and long term outcome of 15 patients who underwent DBS. METHODS: Data were collected in a standardized way 2-6 months preoperatively, 1-5 months (early) and 6 months or more (late) after surgery at the last follow-up visit (mean follow-up: 29.5 months). RESULTS: Motor severity, assessed by the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale-Motor Score, UHDRS-MS), was significantly reduced at both early and late post-surgery time points (mean improvement 54.3% and 44.1%, respectively). Functional capacity (UHDRS-Functional Capacity Score) was also significantly improved at both post-surgery time points (mean 75.5% and 73.3%, respectively), whereas incapacity (UHDRS-Independence Score) improvement reached significance at early post-surgery only (mean 37.3%). Long term significant improvement of motor symptom severity (≥ 20 % from baseline) was observed in 61.5 % of the patients. Chorea and dystonia improved, whereas effects on dysarthria and swallowing were variable. Parkinsonism did not improve. Linear regression analysis showed that preoperative motor severity predicted motor improvement at both post-surgery time points. The most serious adverse event was device infection and cerebral abscess, and one patient died suddenly of unclear cause, 4 years after surgery. CONCLUSION: This study shows that bilateral DBS of the GPi effectively reduces the severity of drug-resistant hyperkinetic movement disorders such as present in ChAc

Contribution a l'etude du traitement des informations proprioceptives au niveau de l'aire 5 chez le singe : effet de la suppression des afferences cerebelleuses

SIGLECNRS T Bordereau / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Propriétés fonctionnelles des neurones de l'aire motrice supplémentaire chez le singe normal et parkinsonien

Les données issues de l'imagerie fonctionnelle montrent des perturbations du fonctionnement de l'aire motrice supplémentaire (SMA) chez les sujets parkinsoniens, suggérant ainsi qu'elle joue un rôle majeur dans la physiopathologie de l'akinésie. Nous avons étudié l'activité des neurones dans les deux régions de SMA (pré-SMA et SMA proper), chez des singes conditionnés à réaliser une tâche motrice, à différents stades de l'intoxication par le MPTP. Nos résultats montrent : une diminution progressive de l'activité des neurones de SMA au fur et à mesure de l'établissement du syndrome parkinsonien ; une hypoexcitabilité , disparition des réponses aux stimuli visuels nécessaires à la réalisation correcte de la tâche ; une désorganisation du patron de décharge ; diffusion des champs récepteurs somesthésiques. Ces données indiquent qu'il existe des dysfonctionnements importants de SMA qui peuvent en partie expliquer l'incapacité des sujets parkinsoniens à initier des mouvements volontaires.BORDEAUX2-BU Santé (330632101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Etat nutritionnel de 3222 patients consultant en médecine générale en région <limousin : résultats d'une étude PNNS.

International audienc