Can You Hear us Now? Voices from the Margin: Using Indigenous Methodologies in Geographic Research

Indigenous methodologies are an alternative way of thinking about research processes. Although these methodologies vary according to the ways in which different Indigenous communities express their own unique knowledge systems, they do have common traits. This article argues that research on Indigenous issues should be carried out in a manner which is respectful and ethically sound from an Indigenous perspective. This naturally challenges Western research paradigms, yet it also affords opportunities to contribute to the body of knowledge about Indigenous peoples. It is further argued that providing a mechanism for Indigenous peoples to participate in and direct these research agendas ensures that their communal needs are met, and that geographers then learn how to build ethical research relationships with them. Indigenous methodologies do not privilege Indigenous researchers because of their Indigeneity, since there are many ‘insider’ views, and these are thus suitable for both Indigenous and non-Indigenous researchers. However, there is a difference between research done within an Indigenous context using Western methodologies and research done using Indig- enous methodologies which integrates Indigenous voices. This paper will discuss those differences while presenting a historical context of research on Indigenous peoples, providing further insights into what Indigenous methodologies entail, and proposing ways in which the academy can create space for this discourse

Efeito de preparados caseiros no controle da queima-acinzentada, na cultura da cebola Alternative formulations for control of Botrytis squamosa on onion

Agricultores do Alto Vale do Itajaí (SC), vem utilizando preparados caseiros no tratamento fitossanitário da cebola, cuja principal doença, durante a fase de muda, é a queima-acinzentada, causada pelo fungo Botrytis squamosa. Neste trabalho, realizado nos anos de 1993, 94 e 95, no período de muda da cebola, durante a fase de canteiro, avaliou-se o efeito de extratos alcóolicos de Matricaria chamomilla, Mentha glacilis, alho e própolis; cinza vegetal e cal; soluções de B+Zn, KMnO4, NaClO, Sílica-gasil, creolina, formalina; calda sulfocálcica, calda bordalesa, cânfora, enxofre, enxofre+silicato+propólis e o fungo antagonista, Gliocladium roseum, sobre o desenvolvimento da queima-acinzentada. A aplicação dos produtos foi semanal e as concentrações foram ajustadas em ensaio preliminar. O estudo de eficiência mostrou que Gliocladium roseum (108 esporos/ml) igualou-se ao fungicida vinclozolin (0,075%), no controle da queima-acinzentada em 1994/95. No ciclo de 1995/96, maior sobrevivência de plantas e/ou maior número de plantas aptas ao transplante foram obtidos nos tratamentos com cinza vegetal, calda bordalesa (0,5%) e a mistura de enxofre + silicato + extrato de própolis, comparados com o tratamento padrão, com fungicida. As soluções de KMnO4, NaClO, cânfora, enxofre e sílica-gasil não mostraram diferença com a testemunha não tratada. A adubação orgânica de base, em 1995, proporcionou mudas com menor intensidade de B. squamosa e maior índice de sobrevivência das mesmas do que adubação mineral, independentemente da formulação.<br>Santa Catarina State farmers in the "Alto Vale do Itajaí" region are using several home-made products to control onion pests, where leaf blight of onion (Botrytis squamosa) is the main nursery disease. This research was carried out during the nursery period in 1993, 94 and 95, in order to evaluate traditional formulations against leaf blight of onion. The formulations studied were alcoholic extracts of Matricaria chamomilla, Mentha glacilis, garlic and propolis; wood ash, lime, solution of B+Zn, KMnO4, NaClO, "silica-gasil", creoline, formalin, Bordeaux mixture, sulphur, camphor, and the antagonist Gliocladium roseum. The formulations were used weekly in concentrations previously tested to avoid phytotoxicity. In the onion cycle 1994/95, G. roseum (108 spores/ml) reduced leaf blight of onion with the effect comparable to the standard fungicide vinclozolin (0.075%). In 1995/96, the survival of onion and the number of plants suitable for transplanting were highest using wood ash, Bordeaux mixture (0.5%) and a mixture of sulphur + Na2SiO4 + propolis extract, when compared to the fungicide used as a standard treatment. No leaf blight control effect was observed with sprays of KMnO4, NaClO, "camphor", sulphur and "sílica-gasil". Organic fertilizer increased the survival of onion seedlings and reduced Botrytis squamosa, irrespective of formulation, during the 1995/97 period