35 research outputs found
How much contextuality?
The amount of contextuality is quantified in terms of the probability of the
necessary violations of noncontextual assignments to counterfactual elements of
physical reality.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure
Contextual Query Using Bell Tests
Tests are essential in Information Retrieval and Data Mining in order to
evaluate the effectiveness of a query. An automatic measure tool intended to
exhibit the meaning of words in context has been developed and linked with
Quantum Theory, particularly entanglement. "Quantum like" experiments were
undertaken on semantic space based on the Hyperspace Analogue Language (HAL)
method. A quantum HAL model was implemented using state vectors issued from the
HAL matrix and query observables, testing a wide range of windows sizes. The
Bell parameter S, associating measures on two words in a document, was derived
showing peaks for specific window sizes. The peaks show maximum quantum
violation of the Bell inequalities and are document dependent. This new
correlation measure inspired by Quantum Theory could be promising for measuring
query relevance.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure
Investigating non-classical correlations between decision fused multi-modal documents
Correlation has been widely used to facilitate various information retrieval methods such as query expansion, relevance feedback, document clustering, and multi-modal fusion. Especially, correlation and independence are important issues when fusing different modalities that influence a multi-modal information retrieval process. The basic idea of correlation is that an observable can help predict or enhance another observable. In quantum mechanics, quantum correlation, called entanglement, is a sort of correlation between the observables measured in atomic-size particles when these particles are not necessarily collected in ensembles. In this paper, we examine a multimodal fusion scenario that might be similar to that encountered in physics by firstly measuring two observables (i.e., text-based relevance and image-based relevance) of a multi-modal document without counting on an ensemble of multi-modal documents already labeled in terms of these two variables. Then, we investigate the existence of non-classical correlations between pairs of multi-modal documents. Despite there are some basic differences between entanglement and classical correlation encountered in the macroscopic world, we investigate the existence of this kind of non-classical correlation through the Bell inequality violation. Here, we experimentally test several novel association methods in a small-scale experiment. However, in the current experiment we did not find any violation of the Bell inequality. Finally, we present a series of interesting discussions, which may provide theoretical and empirical insights and inspirations for future development of this direction
Bell Correlations and the Common Future
Reichenbach's principle states that in a causal structure, correlations of
classical information can stem from a common cause in the common past or a
direct influence from one of the events in correlation to the other. The
difficulty of explaining Bell correlations through a mechanism in that spirit
can be read as questioning either the principle or even its basis: causality.
In the former case, the principle can be replaced by its quantum version,
accepting as a common cause an entangled state, leaving the phenomenon as
mysterious as ever on the classical level (on which, after all, it occurs). If,
more radically, the causal structure is questioned in principle, closed
space-time curves may become possible that, as is argued in the present note,
can give rise to non-local correlations if to-be-correlated pieces of classical
information meet in the common future --- which they need to if the correlation
is to be detected in the first place. The result is a view resembling Brassard
and Raymond-Robichaud's parallel-lives variant of Hermann's and Everett's
relative-state formalism, avoiding "multiple realities."Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
Quantum value indefiniteness
The indeterministic outcome of a measurement of an individual quantum is
certified by the impossibility of the simultaneous, definite, deterministic
pre-existence of all conceivable observables from physical conditions of that
quantum alone. We discuss possible interpretations and consequences for quantum
oracles.Comment: 19 pages, 2 tables, 2 figures; contribution to PC0
A Qualified Kolmogorovian Account of Probabilistic Contextuality
We describe a mathematical language for determining all possible patterns of
contextuality in the dependence of stochastic outputs of a system on its
deterministic inputs. The central notion is that of all possible couplings for
stochastically unrelated outputs indexed by mutually incompatible values of
inputs. A system is characterized by a pattern of which outputs can be
"directly influenced" by which inputs (a primitive relation, hypothetical or
normative), and by certain constraints imposed on the outputs (such as
Bell-type inequalities or their quantum analogues). The set of couplings
compatible with these constraints represents a form of contextuality in the
dependence of outputs on inputs with respect to the declared pattern of direct
influences.Comment: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8369, 201-212 (2014
Qubit portrait of the photon-number tomogram and separability of two-mode light states
In view of the photon-number tomograms of two-mode light states, using the
qubit-portrait method for studying the probability distributions with infinite
outputs, the separability and entanglement detection of the states are studied.
Examples of entangled Gaussian state and Schr\"{o}dinger cat state are
discussed.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures, TeX file, to appear in Journal of Russian Laser
Researc
Information Causality as a Physical Principle
Quantum physics exhibits remarkable distinguishing characteristics. For
example, it gives only probabilistic predictions (non-determinism) and does not
allow copying of unknown state (no-cloning). Quantum correlations may be
stronger than any classical ones, nevertheless information cannot be
transmitted faster than light (no-signaling). However, all these features do
not single out quantum physics. A broad class of theories exist which share
such traits with quantum mechanics, while they allow even stronger than quantum
correlations. Here, we introduce the principle of Information Causality. It
states that information that Bob can gain about a previously completely unknown
to him data set of Alice, by using all his local resources (which may be
correlated with her resources) and a classical communication from her, is
bounded by the information volume of the communication. In other words, if
Alice communicates m bits to Bob, the total information access that Bob gains
to her data is not greater than m. For m=0, Information Causality reduces to
the standard no-signaling principle. We show that this new principle is
respected both in classical and quantum physics, whereas it is violated by all
the no-signaling correlations which are stronger that the strongest quantum
correlations. Maximally strong no-signalling correlations would allow Bob
access to any m bit subset of the whole data set held by Alice. If only one bit
is sent by Alice (m=1), this is tantamount to Bob being able to access the
value of any single bit of Alice's data (but of course not all of them). We
suggest that Information Causality, a generalization of no-signaling, might be
one of the foundational properties of Nature.Comment: This version of the paper is as close to the published one as legally
possibl