Nutrients

According to animal studies, saffron and its main volatile compound safranal may reduce biological and behavioral signs of acute stress. However, little is known about its impact in humans. This study investigated the acute effect of a saffron extract and safranal on the biological and psychological stress responses in healthy men experiencing a laboratory stress procedure. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, cross-over study, 19 volunteers aged 18-25 received a single dose of 30 mg saffron extract (Safr'Inside, 0.06 mg synthetic safranal, or a placebo on three visits separated by a 28-day washout. Thirteen minutes after administration, participants were exposed to the Maastricht acute stress test (MAST). Salivary cortisol and cortisone were collected from 15 min before the MAST (and pre-dose), 3 min before the MAST, and then 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min after the MAST, and stress and anxiety were measured using visual analogic scales. Compared to the placebo, stress and anxiety were significantly toned down after Safranal and Safr'Inside administration and coupled with a delay in the times to peak salivary cortisol and cortisone concentrations ( < 0.05). Safr'Inside and its volatile compound seem to improve psychological stress response in healthy men after exposure to a lab-based stressor and may modulate the biological stress response

Altered Cortisol Metabolism Increases Nocturnal Cortisol Bioavailability in Prepubertal Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

ObjectiveDisturbances in the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis could lead to functional alterations in the brain of diabetes patients. In a later perspective of investigating the link between the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the developing brain in children with diabetes, we assessed here nocturnal cortisol metabolism in prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).MethodsPrepubertal patients (aged 6–12 years) diagnosed with T1DM at least 1 year previously were recruited, along with matched controls. Nocturnal urine samples were collected, with saliva samples taken at awakening and 30 minutes after awakening. All samples were collected at home over 5 consecutive days with no detectable nocturnal hypoglycaemia. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (trait scale only) and Child Depression Inventory were also completed. Glucocorticoid metabolites in the urine, salivary cortisol (sF) and cortisone (sE) were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Metabolic data were analysed by logistic regression, adjusting for sex, age, BMI and trait anxiety score.ResultsUrine glucocorticoid metabolites were significantly lower in T1DM patients compared to controls. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity was significantly higher, while 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, 5(α+β)-reductase and 5α-reductase levels were all lower, in T1DM patients compared to controls. There was a significant group difference in delta sE level but not in delta sF level between the time of awakening and 30 minutes thereafter.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that altered nocturnal cortisol metabolism and morning HPA axis hyperactivity in children with T1DM leads to greater cortisol bioavailability and lower cortisol production as a compensatory effect. This altered nocturnal glucocorticoid metabolism when cortisol production is physiologically reduced and this HPA axis hyperactivity question their impact on brain functioning

Effects of saffron extract supplementation on mood, well-being, and response to a psychosocial stressor in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, parallel group, clinical trial

Anxiety, stress, and low mood are closely related and may contribute to depressive symptoms. Among non-pharmacological solutions to improve subclinical mood symptoms and resilience to stress, natural products such as saffron—identified as promising following preliminary beneficial effects in major depressive disorder—represent a relevant strategy. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of 8 weeks' supplementation with 30 mg standardized saffron extract on emotional well-being in healthy adults with subclinical feelings of low mood and anxiety and/or stress and evaluate the acute effect of saffron in response to a lab-based psychosocial stressor. The study adopted a double-blind, randomized, parallel groups design in which 56 healthy male and female individuals (18–54 years) received either a saffron extract or a placebo for 8 weeks. Chronic effects of saffron on subjective anxiety, stress, and depressive feelings were assessed using a questionnaire battery [including Profile of Mood State-2, (POMS)] and acute effects in response to a lab-based psychosocial stressor were measured through psychological and physiological parameters. Urinary crocetin levels were quantified. Participants who received the saffron extract reported reduced depression scores and improved social relationships at the end of the study. Urinary crocetin levels increased significantly with saffron supplementation and were correlated with change in depression scores. The typical stress-induced decrease in heart rate variability (HRV) during exposure to the stressor was attenuated following acute saffron intake. Saffron extract appears to improve subclinical depressive symptoms in healthy individuals and may contribute to increased resilience against the development of stress-related psychiatric disorders. Clinical trials number: NCT03639831

Memory deficits in a juvenile rat model of type 1 diabetes are due to excess 11β-HSD1 activity, which is upregulated by high glucose concentrations rather than insulin deficiency

Aims/hypothesis: Children with diabetes may display cognitive alterations although vascular disorders have not yet appeared. Variations in glucose levels together with relative insulin deficiency in treated type 1 diabetes have been reported to impact brain function indirectly through dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. We have recently shown that enhancement of glucocorticoid levels in children with type 1 diabetes is dependent not only on glucocorticoid secretion but also on glucocorticoid tissue concentrations, which is linked to 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and memory alteration were further dissected in a juvenile rat model of diabetes showing that excess 11β-HSD1 activity within the hippocampus is associated with hippocampal-dependent memory deficits. Here, to investigate the causal relationships between diabetes, 11β-HSD1 activity and hippocampus-dependent memory deficits, we evaluated the beneficial effect of 11β-HSD1 inhibition on hippocampal-related memory in juvenile diabetic rats. We also examined whether diabetes-associated enhancement of hippocampal 11β-HSD1 activity is due to an increase in brain glucose concentrations and/or a decrease in insulin signalling. Methods: Diabetes was induced in juvenile rats by daily i.p. injection of streptozotocin for 2 consecutive days. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 was obtained by administrating the compound UE2316 twice daily by gavage for 3 weeks, after which hippocampal-dependent object location memory was assessed. Hippocampal 11β-HSD1 activity was estimated by the ratio of corticosterone/dehydrocorticosterone measured by LC/MS. Regulation of 11β-HSD1 activity in response to changes in glucose or insulin levels was determined ex vivo on acute brain hippocampal slices. The insulin regulation of 11β-HSD1 was further examined in vivo using virally mediated knockdown of insulin receptor expression specifically in the hippocampus. Results: Our data show that inhibiting 11β-HSD1 activity prevents hippocampal-related memory deficits in diabetic juvenile rats. A significant increase (53.0±9.9%) in hippocampal 11β-HSD1 activity was found in hippocampal slices incubated in high glucose conditions (13.9 mmol/l) vs normal glucose conditions (2.8 mmol/l) without insulin. However, 11β-HSD1 activity was not affected by variations in insulin concentration either in the hippocampal slices or after a decrease in hippocampal insulin receptor expression. Conclusions/interpretation: Together, these data demonstrate that an increase in 11β-HSD1 activity contributes to memory deficits observed in juvenile diabetic rats and that an excess of hippocampal 11β-HSD1 activity stems from high glucose levels rather than insulin deficiency. 11β-HSD1 might be a therapeutic target for treating cognitive impairments associated with diabetes

Modulation of the exposition of the glucocorticoids receptor : role of the type 1 diabetes and the vitamin A

L’action physiologique des glucocorticoïdes (GC) est de mobiliser certaines ressources de l’organisme pour s’adapter à des changements d’origine endogène ou exogène susceptibles de perturber l’homéostasie de l’organisme. Des facteurs métaboliques/nutritionnels modifient l’intensité d’action des GC. Ils agissent au niveau i) de l’activation de l’axe corticotrope, ii) de leur biodisponibilité des GC (régulation « pré-récepteur »), iii) de l’activation transcriptionnelle des récepteurs des GC (régulation « post-récepteur »). L’objectif général de ce travail repose sur l’exploration du rôle de certains facteurs métaboliques/nutritionnels dans la modulation pré- et post-récepteur de l’action des GC sur l’organisme. Dans une approche clinique, notre attention s’est tout d’abord focalisée sur le rôle de l’équilibre diabétique et/ou l’état inflammatoire des patients atteints de diabète de type I et le métabolisme pré-récepteur du cortisol. Par l’étude en spectrométrie de masse des métabolites du cortisol, nous montrons une augmentation significative de l’activité de la hydroxystéroïde-déshydrogenase 1, principale enzyme de régénération intracellulaire du cortisol. Cette augmentation est corrélée à des marqueurs de l’inflammation chez les enfants diabétiques. Ces résultats suggèrent un lien entre le diabète et l’existence d’une inflammation à bas bruit et l’augmentation de l’exposition cellulaire aux GC. Dans une approche expérimentale, nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à l’action de l’acide rétinoïque all trans (atAR), métabolite actif de la vitamine A, sur l’activité transcriptionnelle des GC. Nous avons choisi un modèle in vitro de cellules hippocampiques en raison d’effets contrastés de l’atAR et des GC sur les fonctions mnésiques in vivo. Nous observons une interaction entre les voies de signalisation transcriptionnelle de l’atAR et des GC sur leurs propres récepteurs et sur des protéines de la plasticité synaptique. Par ailleurs, l’atAR est responsable de modifications de la phosphorylation du récepteur aux GC altérant ainsi ses fonctions transcriptionnelles. Enfin atAR et GC modifient différemment l’organisation du cytosquelette d’actine sans modification transcriptionnelle ou traductionnelle. La compréhension du rôle de certains facteurs environnementaux dans la signalisation des GC pourrait permettre de réduire certains des effets délétères du stress. L’utilisation de certains nutriments, vitamine A par exemple, pourrait atténuer certaines conséquences d’un tonus glucocorticoïde excessivement prolongé.Rôles to mobilize body resources and to adapt to endogenous or exogenous changes that might disrupt the homeostasis of the body. Nutritional & metabolic factors may modify the intensity of GC action in: i) the activation of the corticotrope axis and their secretion by the adrenals, ii) their bioavailability ("pre-receptor" regulation), iii) the transcriptional activation of their receptors ("post-receptor" regulation). The main target of this work is to explore the role of some metabolic/nutritional endogenous or exogenous factors in modulating pre- and post-receptor action of GC. Our attention first focused on the role of diabetes and the related inflammation in patients with type I diabetes, and pre-receptor metabolism of cortisol. We showed that a significant increase in the activity of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, the main enzyme of intracellular cortisol regeneration, is correlated with markers of inflammation in diabetic children. This suggests a link between diabetes and the low-level chronic inflammation and increased cellular exposure to GC . Then, we focused on the action of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A on the transcriptional activity of GC. We used an in vitro model of hippocampal cells as GC and atRA have contrasted effects on mnesic processes in vivo. We observed a transcriptional interaction between the GC and retinoic pathways targeting their receptors and genes involved in neuronal plasticity. atRA also affects the phosphorylation of the GC receptor and modifies its transcriptional activity. Lastly, both atRA and GC affect cellular organisation of actin cytoskeleton. The knowledge acquired by studying the action of nutritional molecules on GC action could be used to easily reduce the deleterious effects of GC in chronic stress. Clinical studies have started in this direction

Modulation of the exposition of the glucocorticoids receptor : role of the type 1 diabetes and the vitamin A

L’action physiologique des glucocorticoïdes (GC) est de mobiliser certaines ressources de l’organisme pour s’adapter à des changements d’origine endogène ou exogène susceptibles de perturber l’homéostasie de l’organisme. Des facteurs métaboliques/nutritionnels modifient l’intensité d’action des GC. Ils agissent au niveau i) de l’activation de l’axe corticotrope, ii) de leur biodisponibilité des GC (régulation « pré-récepteur »), iii) de l’activation transcriptionnelle des récepteurs des GC (régulation « post-récepteur »). L’objectif général de ce travail repose sur l’exploration du rôle de certains facteurs métaboliques/nutritionnels dans la modulation pré- et post-récepteur de l’action des GC sur l’organisme. Dans une approche clinique, notre attention s’est tout d’abord focalisée sur le rôle de l’équilibre diabétique et/ou l’état inflammatoire des patients atteints de diabète de type I et le métabolisme pré-récepteur du cortisol. Par l’étude en spectrométrie de masse des métabolites du cortisol, nous montrons une augmentation significative de l’activité de la hydroxystéroïde-déshydrogenase 1, principale enzyme de régénération intracellulaire du cortisol. Cette augmentation est corrélée à des marqueurs de l’inflammation chez les enfants diabétiques. Ces résultats suggèrent un lien entre le diabète et l’existence d’une inflammation à bas bruit et l’augmentation de l’exposition cellulaire aux GC. Dans une approche expérimentale, nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à l’action de l’acide rétinoïque all trans (atAR), métabolite actif de la vitamine A, sur l’activité transcriptionnelle des GC. Nous avons choisi un modèle in vitro de cellules hippocampiques en raison d’effets contrastés de l’atAR et des GC sur les fonctions mnésiques in vivo. Nous observons une interaction entre les voies de signalisation transcriptionnelle de l’atAR et des GC sur leurs propres récepteurs et sur des protéines de la plasticité synaptique. Par ailleurs, l’atAR est responsable de modifications de la phosphorylation du récepteur aux GC altérant ainsi ses fonctions transcriptionnelles. Enfin atAR et GC modifient différemment l’organisation du cytosquelette d’actine sans modification transcriptionnelle ou traductionnelle. La compréhension du rôle de certains facteurs environnementaux dans la signalisation des GC pourrait permettre de réduire certains des effets délétères du stress. L’utilisation de certains nutriments, vitamine A par exemple, pourrait atténuer certaines conséquences d’un tonus glucocorticoïde excessivement prolongé.Rôles to mobilize body resources and to adapt to endogenous or exogenous changes that might disrupt the homeostasis of the body. Nutritional & metabolic factors may modify the intensity of GC action in: i) the activation of the corticotrope axis and their secretion by the adrenals, ii) their bioavailability ("pre-receptor" regulation), iii) the transcriptional activation of their receptors ("post-receptor" regulation). The main target of this work is to explore the role of some metabolic/nutritional endogenous or exogenous factors in modulating pre- and post-receptor action of GC. Our attention first focused on the role of diabetes and the related inflammation in patients with type I diabetes, and pre-receptor metabolism of cortisol. We showed that a significant increase in the activity of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, the main enzyme of intracellular cortisol regeneration, is correlated with markers of inflammation in diabetic children. This suggests a link between diabetes and the low-level chronic inflammation and increased cellular exposure to GC . Then, we focused on the action of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A on the transcriptional activity of GC. We used an in vitro model of hippocampal cells as GC and atRA have contrasted effects on mnesic processes in vivo. We observed a transcriptional interaction between the GC and retinoic pathways targeting their receptors and genes involved in neuronal plasticity. atRA also affects the phosphorylation of the GC receptor and modifies its transcriptional activity. Lastly, both atRA and GC affect cellular organisation of actin cytoskeleton. The knowledge acquired by studying the action of nutritional molecules on GC action could be used to easily reduce the deleterious effects of GC in chronic stress. Clinical studies have started in this direction

Intérêts et limites du diagnostic de kératite amibienne par PCR en temps réel au laboratoire de Parasitologie/Mycologie du C.H.U de Nantes

La kératite amibienne touche principalement les porteurs de lentilles de contact dans les pays industrialisés. C'est une pathologie rare en dépit des deux millions de porteurs de lentilles de contact en France, trente millions aux Etats-Unis. Le protozoaire du genre Acanthamoeba sp. est le principal agent pathogène responsable de kératites amibiennes. Néanmoins, sa morbidité demeure importante avec une grave perte visuelle dans plus de 15% des cas. Ils subsistent en effet des lacunes dans la prise en charge des patients : il s agit d une pathologie de diagnostic difficile. Notre étude a porté sur la mise au point et l évaluation d une technique de PCR pour la détection du protozoaire Acanthamoeba dans les prélèvements ophtalmologiques. Nous montrerons que cette méthode permet une détection plus sensible et plus reproductible du parasite et surtout de rendre un résultat plus rapidement au clinicien.NANTES-BU Médecine pharmacie (441092101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Annales d'Endocrinologie

In routine hormonology, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) is now an established technique for androgen, urinary cortisol and metanephrine assay. It has the undeniable advantage of great analytical specificity, but with sensitivity that clearly depends on financial investment in a very high-end spectrometer. We describe the general principles of LCMS and the routine applications so far developed in hormonology. The purpose is to familiarise endocrinologists with the techniques under development and their pros and cons. Résumé En routine d’hormonologie, la technique de spectrométrie de masse après chromatographie liquide (LCMS) a dorénavant pris ses marques pour le dosage des androgènes, du cortisol urinaire et des métanéphrines. Elle présente l’avantage incontestable d’une grande spécificité analytique avec toutefois une sensibilité qui dépend nettement de l’investissement financier dans un spectromètre très haut de gamme. Nous décrivons dans ce travail les principes généraux de la LCMS et les applications de routine développées à ce jour en hormonologie. L’objet de la présentation est de familiariser les endocrinologues aux techniques en développement avec leurs avantages, mais également leurs limites

Vitamin A, endocrine tissues and hormones: interplay and interactions

Vitamin A (retinol) is a micronutrient critical for cell proliferation and differentiation. In adults, vitamin A and metabolites such as retinoic acid (RA) play major roles in vision, immune and brain functions and tissue remodelling and metabolism. This review presents the physiological interactions of retinoids and endocrine tissues and hormonal systems. Two endocrine systems have been particularly studied. In the pituitary, retinoids target the corticotrophs with a possible therapeutic use in corticotropinomas. In the thyroid, retinoids interfere with iodine metabolism and vitamin A deficiency aggravates thyroid dysfunction caused by iodine-deficient diets. Retinoids use in thyroid cancer appears less promising than expected. Recent and still controversial studies investigated the relations between retinoids and metabolic syndrome. Indeed, retinoids contribute to pancreatic development and modify fat and glucose metabolism. However, more detailed studies are needed before planning any therapeutic use. Finally, retinoids probably play more minor roles in adrenal and gonads development and function apart from their major effects on spermatogenesis

Adrenal BORDeAux reGistry: Bordeaux single-center study of hypertensive patients with primary hyperaldosteronism

BACKGROUND: Primary aldosteronism is responsible for a major cardiovascular risk that can be avoided by specific treatment. A better characterization of the hypertensive population with primary aldosteronism would not only improve the overall diagnosis but also allows a better selection of patients requiring adrenal vein sampling (AVS). METHODS: Creation of a prospective single-center Bordeaux ABORDAGE study of hypertensive patients with primary aldosteronism who underwent AVS. Primary aldosteronism was diagnosed according to the recommendations of the SFE/SFHTA. Peripheral and central blood pressure measurements were performed with mercury sphygmomanometer, SphygmoCor applanation tonometer and ambulatory blood pressure measurement. An adrenal computed tomography and an unstimulated AVS were performed in each patient. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-eight patients were included in our study. They were mostly men (61.7%), with a mean age of 48.7 ± 10.5 years, BMI of 29.7 ± 5 kg/m2 and duration of hypertension of 101.5 ± 84 months. AVS was selective in 82.3% of patients and lateralization was concordant with CT in only 35.4% of patients. Lateralized secretion was significantly associated with a marked biological primary aldosteronism and hypertension. In multivariate analysis, no variable specifically differentiated patients with aldosterone lateralization. CONCLUSION: The ABORDAGE population description is consistent with the data found in the literature. These characteristics are ultimately those expected in essential hypertension population, which therefore, could explain part of the underdiagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Only AVS is able to predict the lateralization of secretion with a post adrenalectomy recovery of about 90% in case of lateralization. The generalization of AVS would, therefore, increase the proportion of patients with primary aldosteronism cured