Darkness visible: reflections on underground ecology

1 Soil science and ecology have developed independently, making it difficult for ecologists to contribute to urgent current debates on the destruction of the global soil resource and its key role in the global carbon cycle. Soils are believed to be exceptionally biodiverse parts of ecosystems, a view confirmed by recent data from the UK Soil Biodiversity Programme at Sourhope, Scotland, where high diversity was a characteristic of small organisms, but not of larger ones. Explaining this difference requires knowledge that we currently lack about the basic biology and biogeography of micro-organisms. 2 It seems inherently plausible that the high levels of biological diversity in soil play some part in determining the ability of soils to undertake ecosystem-level processes, such as carbon and mineral cycling. However, we lack conceptual models to address this issue, and debate about the role of biodiversity in ecosystem processes has centred around the concept of functional redundancy, and has consequently been largely semantic. More precise construction of our experimental questions is needed to advance understanding. 3 These issues are well illustrated by the fungi that form arbuscular mycorrhizas, the Glomeromycota. This ancient symbiosis of plants and fungi is responsible for phosphate uptake in most land plants, and the phylum is generally held to be species-poor and non-specific, with most members readily colonizing any plant species. Molecular techniques have shown both those assumptions to be unsafe, raising questions about what factors have promoted diversification in these fungi. One source of this genetic diversity may be functional diversity. 4 Specificity of the mycorrhizal interaction between plants and fungi would have important ecosystem consequences. One example would be in the control of invasiveness in introduced plant species: surprisingly, naturalized plant species in Britain are disproportionately from mycorrhizal families, suggesting that these fungi may play a role in assisting invasion. 5 What emerges from an attempt to relate biodiversity and ecosystem processes in soil is our extraordinary ignorance about the organisms involved. There are fundamental questions that are now answerable with new techniques and sufficient will, such as how biodiverse are natural soils? Do microbes have biogeography? Are there rare or even endangered microbes

Detection of rabies virus nucleoprotein-RNA in several organs outside the Central Nervous System in naturally-infected vampire bats

Rabies is a neurological disease, but the rabies virus spread to several organs outside the central nervous system (CNS). The rabies virus antigen or RNA has been identified from the salivary glands, the lungs, the kidneys, the heart and the liver. This work aimed to identify the presence of the rabies virus in non-neuronal organs from naturally-infected vampire bats and to study the rabies virus in the salivary glands of healthy vampire bats. Out of the five bats that were positive for rabies in the CNS, by fluorescent antibody test (FAT), viral isolation in N2A cells and reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 100% (5/5) were positive for rabies in samples of the tongue and the heart, 80% (4/5) in the kidneys, 40% (2/5) in samples of the salivary glands and the lungs, and 20% (1/5) in the liver by RT-PCR test. All the nine bats that were negative for rabies in the CNS, by FAT, viral isolation and RT-PCR were negative for rabies in the salivary glands by RT-PCR test. Possible consequences for rabies epidemiology and pathogenesis are discussed in this work

Alterações nas propriedades químicas e microbianas de solos cultivados com videiras sob manejo orgânico e convencional no sul do Brasil

O cultivo orgânico com inclusão de material orgânico fresco altera propriedades físicas e químicas do solo e, com isso, pode resultar em modificações nas características biológicas deste. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi estudar os efeitos do manejo da videira (Vitis labrusca L.) sobre as propriedades químicas e microbianas do solo. Em outubro de 2006, amostras de solo foram coletadas de dois experimentos instalados em 2000 e de uma área adjacente com floresta. Os seguintes tratamentos foram avaliados em um esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2: (i) orgânico (ORG) e convencional (CONV); (ii) dos cultivares (IAC-766/Isabel e IAC-766/Bordô); e (iii) da heterogeneidade espacial (linha e entrelinha) sobre as propriedades químicas e microbianas de um solo arenoso. Foi observada a formação de três grandes grupos (CONV, ORG/linha e ORG/entrelinha), que se destacaram na área de floresta. As variáveis químicas e microbianas, com exceção do K, foram alteradas em relação aos manejos da videira. Houve efeitos do cultivar no N da biomassa microbiana e na respiração basal (CO2). Também foram observados efeitos de heterogeneidade espacial do solo no C da biomassa microbiana e em atributos químicos, como P, pH, Mg e micronutrientes. No sistema orgânico da videira, aumentaram-se o carbono orgânico do solo (COS) e a biomassa microbiana na linha e entrelinha, em comparação com a videira convencional. Os aumentos foram de 172 % no SOC, 100 % no Cmic e 223 % no Nmic, na linha do orgânico. Os manejos da videira e a heterogeneidade espacial do solo foram os fatores mais relevantes no agrupamento (ou separação) das áreas devido às mudanças nos atributos químicos do solo, principalmente o COS, e na biomassa microbiana