Caracterização e ocorrência do distúrbio do amolecimento precoce em mamões 'Golden'

The occurrence of green skin and soft pulp in 'Golden' papaya fruit during certain seasons has been reported by farmers in the northern of the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil. The objective of this study was to characterize and determine the occurrence of this disorder, which was referred as "early softening disorder". Fruits were harvested weekly for 11 months (from September to July). The fruits were stored at 10°C, and then fruit flesh firmness and skin color were analyzed. The results of the firmness test were submitted to regression analysis assuming a linear trendline. The slope of the curve was called the 'softening index' (SI). Fruits with early softening are characterized by a loss of firmness in less than 10 days, even when stored under refrigeration. Although softened, the skin of the fruit remains partially green. Fruits with the disorder occurred more frequently from mid-summer to mid-autumn (February to May). It is not possible to distinguish early softening disorder fruits from those without the disorder by skin color and flesh firmness analysis at the time of the harvest.Tem sido relatado por produtores da região norte do Espírito Santo a ocorrência de mamões 'Golden' com casca verde e polpa mole, em determinadas épocas do ano. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e determinar a ocorrência deste distúrbio denominado de amolecimento precoce. Foram realizadas coletas semanais durante 11 meses (período de setembro a julho). Os frutos foram armazenados a 10°C e analisados quanto à firmeza da polpa e à cor da casca. Os resultados de firmeza da polpa foram submetidos à análise de regressão, assumindo-se que a equação é do tipo linear, e o ângulo de inclinação da curva foi chamado Índice de Amolecimento (IA). Frutos com o distúrbio caracterizaram-se pela perda da firmeza em menos de 10 dias, mesmo quando armazenados sob refrigeração. Embora amolecidos, a coloração da casca manteve-se parcialmente verde. A maior frequência de frutos com o distúrbio ocorreu de meados de verão a meados de outono (fevereiro a maio). Não é possível distinguir frutos com o distúrbio do amolecimento precoce daqueles normais pela análise da cor da casca e da firmeza da polpa, no momento da colheita

Ripening Of "pedro Sato" Guava: Study On Its Climacteric Or Non-climacteric Nature

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a tropical fruit exhibiting rapid post-harvest ripening. However, the physiological basis involved in the ripening process of guava is not totally clear, which makes it difficult to develop technologies to enhance fruit storability. Two experiments were carried out with the objective of determining the ripening behavior of 'Pedro Sato' guavas. In the first experiment, guava fruits at three maturity stages (I - dark green, II - light green and III - yellow-green) were stored at room temperature (23 ± 1°C and 85 ± 5 % RH). The respiratory rate, ethylene production, pulp and skin colours, and firmness were evaluated. In the second experiment, ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) were applied to guavas at the light green maturity stage and the ripening behaviour during storage at room temperature was studied. Fruits from all maturity stages showed a gradual increase in the respiratory rate and ethylene production. The intense changes in pulp and skin colours and in firmness preceded the maximum respiratory rate and ethylene production. 1-MCP reduced the rate of ripening, while the application of ethylene did not promote this process. These results do not permit the classification of 'Pedro Sato' guava as a traditional climacteric fruit.173299306Akamine, E.K., Goo, T., Respiration and ethylene production in fruits of species and cultivars of Psidium and species of Eugenia (1979) J. Am. Soc. Hortc. Sci., 104, pp. 632-635Atta-Aly, M.A., Brecht, J.K., Huber, D.J., Ethylene feedback mechanisms in tomato and strawberry fruit tissues in rela tion to fruit ripening and climacteric patterns (2000) Postharvest Biol. Technol., 20, pp. 151-162Biale, J.B., Growth, maturation and senescence in fruits (1964) Science, 146, pp. 880-888Biale, J.B., Barcus, D.E., Respiratory patterns in tropical fruits of the Amazon basin (1970) Trop. Science, 12, pp. 93-104Biale, J.B., Young, R.E., Respiration and ripening in fruits retrospect and prospect (1981) Recent Advances in the Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables, pp. 1-40. , Friend J, Rhodes MJ (eds), Academic Press, New York, USABlankenship, S.M., Dole, J.M., 1-Methylcyclopropene: A review (2003) Postharvest Biol. Technol., 28, pp. 1-25Bleinroth, E.W., Colheita e beneficiamento (1996) Goiaba para Exportação: Procedimentos de Colheita e Pós-Colheita, pp. 12-23. , Gorgatti NA, Garcia AE, Ardito EFG, Garcia EEC, Bleinroth EW, Matalio M, Chitarra MIF, Borin MR (eds), EMBRAPA, Brasília. (Série Publicações Técnicas FRUPEX, 20)Botelho, R.V., (1996) Efeito Do Tratamento Pós-colheita Com Cálcio Na Ocorrência de Antracnose (Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides Penz) e No Amadurecimento de Goiabas (Psidium Guajava L.) Branca de Kumagai, , Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, MSc ThesisBron, I.U., Ribeiro, R.V., Cavalini, F.C., Jacomino, A.P., Trevisan, M.J., Temperature related changes in respiration and Q10 coefficient of guava fruit (2005) Sci. Agricola, 62, pp. 458-463Brown, B.I., Wills, R.B.H., Post-harvest changes in guava fruit of different maturity (1983) Sci. Hortic., 19, pp. 23-243Bufler, G., Ethylene-promoted conversion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid to ethylene in apple at various stages of fruit development (1986) Plant Physiol., 80, pp. 539-543Chitarra, M.I., Chitarra, A.B., (1990) Pós-colheita de Frutos e Hortaliças: Fisiologia e Manuseio, , ESAL/FAEPE, LavrasCross, J., (1987) Pigments in Fruits, , Academic Press, London, UKEl-Zoghibi, M., Biochemical changes in some tropical fruits during ripening (1994) Food Chem., 59, pp. 395-399Gerasopoulos, D., Richardson, D.G., Effects of exogenous propylene and fruit calcium on ripening of non-chilled and chilled Anjou pears (1996) Postharvest Biol. Technol., 8, pp. 111-120Giovannoni, J., Molecular biology of fruit maturation and ripening (2001) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 52, pp. 725-749Golding, J.B., Shearer, D., Wyllie, S.G., McGlasson, W.B., Application of 1-MCP and propylene to identify ethylene-dependent ripening processes in mature banana fruit (1998) Postharvest Biol. Technol., 14, pp. 87-98Hoffman, N.E., Yang, S.F., Changes in L-aminocyclopropane-L-carboxylic acid content in ripening fruits in relation to their ethylene production rates (1980) J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 105, pp. 492-495Klee, H.J., Ripening physiology of fruit from transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants with reduced ethylene synthesis (1993) Physiol. Plant, 102, pp. 911-916Knee, M., Sargent, J.A., Osborne, D.J., Cell wall metabolism in developing strawberry fruit (1977) J. Exp. Bot., 28, pp. 377-396Lelièvre, J.M., Latché, A., Jones, B., Bouzayen, M., Pech, J.C., Ethylene and fruit ripening (1997) Physiol. Plant., 101, pp. 727-739Ludford, P.M., Hormonal changes during postharvest (2003) Postharvest Physiology and Pathology of Vegetables, pp. 31-78. , Bartz JA, Brecht JK (eds), Marcel Dekker, New York, USAMattiuz, B., (2002) Fisiologia e Qualidade Pós-colheita de Goiabas, , Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista. PhD ThesisMcMurchie, E.J., McGlasson, W.B., Eaks, I.L., Treatment of fruit with propylene gives information about the biogenesis of ethylene (1972) Nature, 237, pp. 235-236Medina, J.C., Castro, J.V., Sigrist, J.M.M., De Martin, Z.J., Kato, K., Maia, M.L., Garcia, A.E.B., Fernandes, R.S.S., (1988) Goiaba: Cultura, Matéria-prima, Processamento e Aspectos Econômicos. 2nd Ed., , Campinas, Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Série Frutas Tropicais 6Mercado-Silva, E., Bautista, P.B., Garcia-Velasco, M.A., Fruit development, harvest index ripening changes of guavas produced in central Mexico (1998) Postharvest Biol. Technol., 13, pp. 143-150Oetiker, J.H., Yang, S.F., The role of ethylene in fruit ripening (1995) Acta Hortic., 398, pp. 167-178Oliveira, M.A., Cereda, M.P., Efeito da pelicula de mandioca na conservação de goiabas (1999) Braz. J. Food Technol., 12, pp. 97-102Reyes, M.U., Paull, R.E., Effect of storage temperature and ethylene treatment on guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruit ripening (1995) Postharvest Biol. Technol., 6, pp. 365-370Rhodes, M.J.C., The maturation and ripening of fruits (1980) Senescence in Plants, pp. 157-205. , Thimann KV, Delman RC, Roth GS (eds), CRC Press, Florida, USARomani, R.J., Respiration, ethylene, senescence, and homeostasis in an integrated view of postharvest life (1984) Canad. J. Bot., 62, pp. 2950-2955Sharma, S., Rajat, K., Prasad, R., Vasuderian, P., Biology and potencial of Psidium guajava (1999) J. Scient. Ind. Research, 58, pp. 414-421Sisler, E.C., Serek, M., Inhibitors of ethylene responses in plants at the receptor level: Recent developments (1997) Physiol. Plant., 100, pp. 577-582Watada, A.E., Herner, R.C., Kader, A.A., Romani, R.J., Staby, G.L., Terminology for the description of developmental stages of horticultural crops (1984) HortScience, 19, pp. 20-21Wills, R., McGlasson, B., Graham, D., Joyce, D., (1998) Introduccion a la Fisiología Y Manipulación Poscosecha de Frutas, Hortalizas Y Plantas Ornamentales. 2th Edn., , Acribia, ZaragozaYang, S.F., Biosynthesis and action of ethylene (1985) HortScience, 20, pp. 41-45Yen, H.C., Lee, S., Tanksley, S.D., Lanahan, M.B., Klee, H.J., Giovannoni, J.J., The tomato never-ripe locus regulates ethylene inducible gene expression and is linked to a homolog of the Arabidopsis ETR1 gene (1995) Plant Physiol., 107, pp. 1343-135