Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of 'Hamlin' sweet orange.

The development and optimization of efficient transformation protocols is essential in new citrus breeding programs, not only for rootstock, but also for scion improvement. Transgenic 'Hamlin' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) plants were obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of epicotyl segments collected from seedlings germinated in vitro. Factors influencing genetic transformation efficiency were evaluated including seedling incubation conditions, time of inoculation with Agrobacterium and co-culture conditions. Epicotyl segments were adequate explants for transformation, regenerating plants by direct organogenesis. Higher percentage of transformation was obtained with explants collected from seedlings germinated in darkness, transferred to 16 hours photoperiod for 2-3 weeks, and inoculated with Agrobacterium for 15-45 min. The best co-culture condition was the incubation of the explants in darkness, for three days in culture medium supplemented with 100 mM of acetosyringone. Genetic transformation was confirmed by performing ß-glucoronidase (GUS) assays and, subsequently, by PCR amplification for the nptII and GUS genes.200

Temporal Auditory Processing And Phonological Awareness In Children With Benign Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes

The aim of this research was to analyze temporal auditory processing and phonological awareness in school-age children with benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS). Patient group (GI) consisted of 13 children diagnosed with BECTS. Control group (GII) consisted of 17 healthy children. After neurological and peripheral audiological assessment, children underwent a behavioral auditory evaluation and phonological awareness assessment. The procedures applied were: Gaps-in-Noise test (GIN), Duration Pattern test, and Phonological Awareness test (PCF). Results were compared between the groups and a correlation analysis was performed between temporal tasks and phonological awareness performance. GII performed significantly better than the children with BECTS (GI) in both GIN and Duration Pattern test (P<0.001). GI performed significantly worse in all of the 4 categories of phonological awareness assessed: syllabic (P=0.001), phonemic (P=0.006), rhyme (P=0.015) and alliteration (P=0.010). Statistical analysis showed a significant positive correlation between the phonological awareness assessment and Duration Pattern test (P<0.001). From the analysis of the results, it was concluded that children with BECTS may have difficulties in temporal resolution, temporal ordering, and phonological awareness skills. A correlation was observed between auditory temporal processing and phonological awareness in the suited sample.2015American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, (2005) (Central) Auditory Processing Disorders, , http://www.asha.org/docs/html/TR2005-00043.html, Tech. 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