The effect of weight per square meter of cotton fabrics on durable press finishing with 1, 2, 3, 4 butanetetracarboxylic acid

[EN] Cellulosic fibres, like cotton, are characterized by good properties. However, during their use and maintenance, textiles made with these fibres show high capacity of shrinkage, wrinkling and little wrinkle recovery. In order to solve this behaviour, cotton fabrics are treated applying crosslinkers agents in combination with an appropriate catalyst. In this study, 1, 2, 3, 4 butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and a catalyser, sodium hypophosphite NaH2PO2 . H2O (SHP) were used to treat two cotton fabrics in order to get easy care properties. To study the influence of the weight per square meter of the fabrics, weave fabrics with 110 and 210 g/m2 were treated by padding system using 80 g/L of BTCA and 40 g/L of SHP. Once the treatment was applied, the samples were dried at 80ºC and cured at 160ºC, these conditions are necessary to carry out the cross-linking reaction between cellulose and BTCA. Results show that fabric with less weight per square meter has an increase of 20% of free carboxylic groups, however the fabric of higher weight presents an increase of 120%. To calculate the increase in free carboxylic groups, it has been taken into account the number of those groups from the same fabric before the treatment. As a conclusion, we can confirm that modification of properties are achieved more effectively when the treatment of polycarboxylic acids is performed on cellulosic fabrics with higher content of oxycellulose groups and this factor influence is higher than the g/m2Gisbert Paya, J.; Díaz-García, P.; Bonet-Aracil, M. (2022). The effect of weight per square meter of cotton fabrics on durable press finishing with 1, 2, 3, 4 butanetetracarboxylic acid. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2430:070010_1-070010_6. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0077647S070010_1070010_6243

Application of antimicrobial microcapsules on agrotextiles

[EN] The aim of this work was to develop a functional biodegradable nonwoven with antimicrobial microcapsules maintaining the stability and biodegradability of the nonwoven for use in agriculture applications. The nonwoven was obtained using hemp fibers by Wetlaid technology. Microcapsules were prepared by co-extrusion/gelling method with alginate as shell and oregano oil as core material. The microcapsules were developed to protect and control release of oregano oil. Microcapsules were incorporated on the nonwoven by coating method using a natural polymer as a graft material. After incorporating microcapsules, the nonwoven was subjected to several tests in order to determinate the microcapsules fixation and their functionality. The nonwovens were characterized for their antimicrobial activity against different kinds of bacteria and fungi. Nonwoven loaded with microcapsules was found to show good antimicrobial activity in comparison with nonwoven that was not loaded with microcapsules.The authors thank IVACE (Institut Valencià de Competitivitat Empresarial, Spain) and FEDER (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Europe) for the financial support.Ferrándiz, M.; Capablanca, L.; Garcia-Sanoguera, D.; Bonet-Aracil, M. (2017). Application of antimicrobial microcapsules on agrotextiles. Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment. 6(1):62-82. doi:10.4236/jacen.2017.61004S62826

Study of the effect of the concentration of hydrotalcite in the recovery of colorants in textile wastewater

[EN] The absorption capacity of calcined hydrotalcite at different concentrations in a solution of 0.05 g . L-1 of 4 different dyes has been compared; Direct Blue 199, Direct Red 23, Direct Blue 71 and Reactive Yellow. For this, the Lambert-Beer lines of each dye have been previously made. Two different concentrations of clay, 5 and 10 g . L-1, have been worked. Then the dye has been introduced into the clay by stirring for 24 hours in 100 ml of solution of each dye, to later filter it and allow to dry. In all cases, the absorption of the dye by the nanoclay has been almost absolute, leaving the initial solution very clean, which are excellent results from the point of view of cleaning wastewater. However, when obtaining very similar results when scaling it to an industrial production, it would be more optimal to use the lowest concentration in order to reduce costs. Finally, a color measurement was made using a Jasco V-670 spectrophotometer, double beam spectrophotometer between 190- 2700 nm and color differences are calculated and represented in a color chart. Again, no large differences are observed and reinforce the idea of using a low concentration.López, D.; Micó-Vicent, B.; Bonet-Aracil, M.; Bou-Belda, E. (2020). Study of the effect of the concentration of hydrotalcite in the recovery of colorants in textile wastewater. Annals of the University of Oradea: Fascicle of Textiles, Leatherwork (Online). 21(1):61-64. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/167210S616421

Preliminary study from rice husk extracts to finish textile fabrics

[EN] Nowadays, envoronmental concern is increasing and textile industry is aware of it. Circular economy are two words which are linked together and frequently used nowadays. In this report, we focus the reseach on the rice husk in order to dimish the problem rice waste generates to farmers. Rice husk was treated with some chemicals (HNO3). The extract was dried and conveniently dissolved to apply it on textile fabrics made of 100 % cotton and 100 % polyester.. The extract was dissolved on NaOH solution and applied by padding on a cotton and polyester fabric at different concentrations. The dried extract was analysed by FTIR and both the extract and fabrics were observed by FESEM-EDX to detect the presence of some particles Results evidence the presence of some particles on the fibres, despite having applied low concentrations FTIR is sensitive enough to detect its presence on fibers. It was expected to observe Si from the extract but FESEMEDX could not appreciate it. Once the treatment was applied on the fabric yellowing was observed but also water repellence thus with the FTIR spectrum gives the idea that the extract was mainly comprised of lignin. Further studies will be conducted in order to spcecify the new properties conferred to the textiles.Soler, A.; Gisbert Paya, J.; Montava-Seguí, I.; Bonet-Aracil, M. (2020). Preliminary study from rice husk extracts to finish textile fabrics. Annals of the University of Oradea: Fascicle of Textiles, Leatherwork (Online). 1:117-122. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/165410S117122

In situ test: cotton sheets against mosquito bites in India

[EN] Historically, fabrics were considered as a source of warmth and protection against weather conditions. Nowadays, fabrics can be converted into smart textiles and through this process new properties are conferred to them. For that purpose, microcapsules can play an important role in that they can be used within many application areas including medicine or pharmaceuticals. Malaria, dengue fever and other diseases are typically spread through mosquito bites. This is a concern of many authorities in affected countries and significant research is being conducted today in order to reduce incidence. The aim of the study reported here is not only to demonstrate the effectiveness of microcapsules on cotton fabrics as a prevention to mosquito bites but also to test this in situ. Different fabrics were prepared and tested in two Indian regions. Laboratory tests were performed according to a standard designed by the Swiss Tropical laboratory. Results demonstrated that the fabrics repellence to mosquitos could be considered as very good and that the repellent effect of the microcapsules was maintained for more than 10 laundry cycles. Furthermore, our experiments conducted in situ confirmed the effectiveness of the technology.The authors would like to express their gratitude to the "Fundacion Vicente Ferrer" and to the project CDTI IDI/20090482. Authors would also acknowledge Electron Microscopy Service of the UPV for their professional support on the SEM images analysis.Bonet-Aracil, M.; Bou-Belda, E.; Gisbert Paya, J.; Ibañez Garcia, F. (2019). In situ test: cotton sheets against mosquito bites in India. Cellulose. 26(7):4655-4663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02395-zS46554663267Anuar AA, Yusof N (2016) Methods of imparting mosquito repellent agents and the assessing mosquito repellency on textile. Fash Text 3(1):12Berger J, Reist M, Mayer JM, Felt O, Peppas NA, Gurny R (2004) Structure and interactions in covalently and ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels for biomedical applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 57:19–34Bonet Aracil M, Monllor P, Capablanca L, Gisbert J, Díaz P, Montava I (2015) A comparison between padding and bath exhaustion to apply microcapsules onto cotton. Cellulose 22:2117–2127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0600-8Bonet-Aracil M, Capablanca L, Monllor P, Díaz P, Montava I (2012) Studying bath exhaustion as a method to apply microcapsules on fabrics. J Text Inst 103(6):629–635Carter R, Mendis KN (2002) Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev 15(4):564–594Carvalho IT, Estevinho BN, Santos L (2016) Application of microencapsulated essential oils in cosmetic and personal healthcare products—a review. Int J Cosmet Sci 38(2):109–119Dewettinck K, Huyghebaert A (1999) Fluidized bed coating in food technology. Trends Food Sci Technol 10:163–168Downham A (2000) Collins Paul. Colouring our foods in the last and next millennium. Int J Food Sci Technol 35:5–22Goldman L, Ausiello D (2009) Cecil tratado de medicina interna (No. 616). ElsevierGouin S (2004) Microencapsulation: industrial appraisal of existing technologies and trends. Trend Food Sci Technol 15:330–347Gupta RK, Rutledge LC, Reifenrath WG, Gutierrez GA, Korte JD (1989) Effects of weathering on fabrics treated with permethrin for protection against mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 5(2):176–179Hatefi A, Amsden B (2002) Biodegradabe injectable in situ forming drug delivery systems. J Control Release 80:9–28Heinzelmann K, Franke K (1999) Using freezing and drying techniques of emulsions for the microencapsulation of fish oil to improve oxidation stability. Colloid Surf B 12:223–229Hirech K, Payan S, Carnelle G, Brujes L, Legrand J (2003) Microencapsulation of an insecticide by interfacial polymerization. Powder Technol 130:324–330Kamsuk K, Choochote W, Chaithong U, Jitpakdi A, Tippawangkosol P, Riyong D, Pitasawat B (2007) Effectiveness of Zanthoxylum piperitum-derived essential oil as an alternative repellent under laboratory and field applications. Parasitol Res 100:339–345Liu J, Fung D, Jiang J, Zhu Y (2014) Ultrafine particle emissions from essential-oil-based mosquito repellent products. Indoor Air 24:327–335Magnin D, Lefebvre J, Chornet E, Dumitriu S (2004) Physicochemical and structural characterization of a polyionic matrix of interest in biotechnology, in the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Carbohydr Polym 55:437–453Majeti N, Ravi Kumar V (2000) Nano and microspheres as controlled drug delivery devices. J Pharm Pharm Sci 3(2):234–258Maji TK, Baruah I, Dube S, Hussain MR (2007) Microencapsulation of Zanthoxylum limonella oil (ZLO) in glutaraldehyde crosslinked gelatin for mosquito repellent application. Bioresour Technol 98:840–844Monllor P, Cases FJ, Bonet M (2007) Characterization of the behaviour of flavour microcapsules in cotton fabrics. Eur Polym J 43:2481–2490Moretti M, Sanna-Passino G, Demontis S, Bazzoni E (2004) Essential oil formulations useful as a new tool for insect pest control. AAPS Pharm Sci Technol 3(2):62–64Muzzarelli C, Stanic V, Gobbi L, Tosi G, Muzzarelli RAA (2004) Spray-drying of solutions containing chitosan together with polyuronans and characterisation of the microspheres. Carbohydr Polym 57:73–82Nelson G (1991) Microencapsulates in textile coloration and finishing. Rev Prog Color 21:72–85Senjković R, Jalŝenjak I (1981) Surface topography of microcapsules and the drug release. J Pharm Pharmacol 33(1):665–666Solomon B, Sahle FF, Gebre-Mariam T, Asres K, Neubert RHH (2012) Microencapsulation of citronella oil for mosquito-repellent application: formulation and in vitro permeation studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 80:61–66Thavara U, Tawatsin A, Chompoosri J (2002). Phytochemicals as repellents against mosquitoes in Thailand. In: International conference on biopesticide, Malaysia, pp 233–242Wen-Tao Q, Wei-ting Y, Xie Y, Xiaojun M (2005) Optimization of Saccaromyces cerevisiae culture in alginate-chitosan-alginate microcapsule. Biochem Eng J 25:151–157WHO, “World Malaria Report 2015,” Geneva, 27 SwitzerlandWibowo S, Velazquez G, Savant V, Torres JA (2005) Surimi wash water treatment for protein recovery: effect of chitosanalginate complex concentration and treatment time on protein adsorption. Biores Technol 96:665–67

The effect of the combination of multiple woven fabric and nonwoven on acoustic absorption

[EN] Textile materials can be used as acoustic materials. In this study, the acoustic absorption coefficient of multilayer fabrics with 60 ends/cm and 15, 30, 45, and 60 picks/cm is measured when the fabric is added as a resistive layer on top of a polyester nonwoven, in order to study the influence of the fabric spatial structure in the acoustic absorption of the assembly. Five different fabric structures are used. Design of experiments and data analysis tools are used to describe the influence of two manufacturing factors on the sound absorption coefficient of the ensemble. These factors are the fabric weft count (picks/cm) and the thickness of the nonwoven (mm). The experimental conditions under which the maximum sound absorption coefficient is achieved are found. The influence of each factor and a mathematical model are obtained. Results of statistical and optimization analysis show that for the same fabric density, sound absorption coefficient increases as the number of layers decreases.Segura-Alcaraz, P.; Segura Alcaraz, JG.; Montava-Seguí, I.; Bonet-Aracil, M. (2021). The effect of the combination of multiple woven fabric and nonwoven on acoustic absorption. Journal of Industrial Textiles. 50(8):1262-1280. https://doi.org/10.1177/15280837198587711262128050

The Optimal Concentration of Nanoclay Hydrotalcite for Recovery of Reactive and Direct Textile Colorants

[EN] Concerns about the health of the planet have grown dramatically, and the dyeing sector of the textile industry is one of the most polluting of all industries. Nanoclays can clean dyeing wastewater using their adsorption capacities. In this study, as a new finding, it was possible to analyze and quantify the amount of metal ions substituted by anionic dyes when adsorbed, and to determine the optimal amount of nanoclay to be used to adsorb all the dye. The tests demonstrated the specific amount of nanoclay that must be used and how to optimize the subsequent processes of separation and processing of the nanoclay. Hydrotalcite was used as the adsorbent material. Direct dyes were used in this research. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns allowed the shape recovery of the hydrotalcite to be checked and confirmed the adsorption of the dyes. An FTIR analysis was used to check the presence of characteristic groups of the dyes in the resulting hybrids. The thermogravimetric (TGA) tests corroborated the dye adsorption and the thermal fastness improvement. Total solar reflectance (TSR) showed increased radiation protection for UV-VIS-NIR. Through the work carried out, it has been possible to establish the maximum adsorption point of hydrotalcite.To the Vice-rectorate for research of the UPV for funding for open access charge: CRUEUniversitat Politecnica de Valencia.López-Rodríguez, D.; Micó-Vicent, B.; Bonet-Aracil, M.; Cases, F.; Bou-Belda, E. (2022). The Optimal Concentration of Nanoclay Hydrotalcite for Recovery of Reactive and Direct Textile Colorants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23(17):1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179671124231

Uses of Nanoclays and Adsorbents for Dye Recovery: A Textile Industry Review

[EN] Wastewater recovery is one of the most pressing contaminant-related subjects in the textile industry. Many cleaning and recovery techniques have been applied in recent decades, from physical separation to chemical separation. This work reviews textile wastewater recovery by focusing on natural or synthetic nanoclays in order to compare their capabilities. Presently, a wide variety of nanoclays are available that can adsorb substances dissolved in water. This review summarizes and describes nanoclay modifications for different structures (laminar, tubular, etc.) to compare adsorption performance under the best conditions. This adsorbent capacity can be used in contaminant industries to recover water that can be used and be recontaminated during a second use to close the production circle. It explores and proposes future perspectives for the nanoclay hybrid compounds generated after certain cleaning steps. This is a critical review of works that have studied adsorption or desorption procedures for different nanoclay structures. Finally, it makes a future application proposal by taking into account the summarized pros and cons of each nanoclay. This work addresses contaminant reuse, where part of the employed dyes can be reused in printing or even dyeing processes, depending on the fixing capacity of the dye in the nanoclay, which is herein discussedLópez-Rodríguez, D.; Micó-Vicent, B.; Jordán-Núñez, J.; Bonet-Aracil, M.; Bou-Belda, E. (2021). Uses of Nanoclays and Adsorbents for Dye Recovery: A Textile Industry Review. Applied Sciences. 11(23):1-27. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311422127112

Increased Comfort of Polyester Fabrics

[EN] The hydrophilicity of fibers is directly related to the comfort of a fabric and represents one of the most important aspects of a textile. Therefore, polyester (PES) modification has focused on an increase in moisture content and a subsequent improvement of the user's experience. Based on the glycerol hygroscopic properties, the main objective has been the enhancement of the hydrophilicity of polyester by glycerol treatments. Furthermore, microwave irradiation and alkaline treatment have been applied, in order to increase glycerol adhesion. Treated PES samples were characterized by performing moisture content, negative ion, water diffusion and water vapor resistance analyses. The effect of different treatment conditions such as bath ratio (1/10 or 1/15), temperature (40, 60 or 100 degrees C), time (2 or 5 min) and microwave radiation intensity (300 or 500 W) was evaluated. The moisture content of treated PES results indicated that by decreasing the bath ratio and increasing the time and temperature the moisture gain can reach almost 14%, which can be easily related to increases in the weight of the fiber. The treatment with alkali was done and led to the highest moisture increase. Treatment with 500 W microwave irradiation led to higher glycerol retention after rinsing. Different experimental conditions were applied to the glycerol-treated PES fabrics, and a clear improvement in moisture content was obtained increasing the comfort. The results were compared with the ones obtained for cotton and wool, where the moisture is higher than non treated PES.The authors wish to thank the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (RTI2018-094014-B-100 Project), for financial support.Martí, M.; Gisbert Paya, J.; Bonet-Aracil, M.; Jovancic, P.; Lis, MJ.; Coderch, L. (2021). Increased Comfort of Polyester Fabrics. Polymers. 13(17):1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13173010S112131

Fibers of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica as substrate for germination of lentil seeds

[EN] Concern regarding the environment is increasing day by day. Industrialized countries are aware of the problem that waste creates and are focusing efforts toward solving it by recycling and reusing different kinds of waste. Posidonia oceanica is a seagrass species endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, which creates tons of fiber waste that accumulates along the shoreline. This work demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining substrates for plants from P oceanica fibers. We analyze the fiber structure by scanning electron microscopy, and observe the germination rate and the average germination time for lentils seeded on Posidonia substrates in comparison to those seeded on cotton. Two different lengths of Posidonia fiber are studied, as well as the influence of desizing and bleaching. The values for gemination rate and germination time showed comparable or even better results than cotton, allowing us to conclude that Posidonia substrates can be used for agricultural purposes. These results offer a new application for the valorization of waste from the Mediterranean coast by reusing the Posidonia fibers. Moreover, when the fibers are bound together by means of a biopolymer, chitosan, the results show that the germination rate is higher than without chitosan treatment, and the average germination time is reduced by approximately 1 day. Thus, we can conclude that the germination process is faster and more effective.Bonet-Aracil, M.; Gisbert Paya, J.; Bou-Belda, E.; Montava-Seguí, I.; Díaz-García, P. (2019). Fibers of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica as substrate for germination of lentil seeds. SN Applied Sciences. 1(11):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1420-5S16111Ferrero B, Fombuena V, Fenollar O, Boronat T, Balart R (2015) Development of natural fiber-reinforced plastics (NFRP) based on biobased polyethylene and waste fibers from Posidonia oceanica seaweed. Polym Compos 36(8):1378–1385Ferrero B, Boronat T, Moriana R, Fenollar O, Balart R (2013) Green composites based on wheat gluten matrix and Posidonia oceanica waste fibers as reinforcements. Polym Compos 34(10):1663–1669Khiari R, Marrakchi Z, Belgacem MN, Mauret E, Mhenni F (2011) New lignocellulosic fibres-reinforced composite materials: a step forward in the valorisation of the Posidonia oceanica balls. Compos Sci Technol 71(16):1867–1872Khiari R, Mhenni MF, Belgacem MN, Mauret E (2010) Chemical composition and pulping of date palm rachis and Posidonia oceanica—a comparison with other wood and non-wood fibre sources. Bioresour Technol 101:775–780Ncibi MC, Mahjoub B, Seffen M (2007) Kinetic and equilibrium studies of methylene blue biosorption by Posidonia oceanica (L.) fibres. J Hazard Mater 139(2):280–285Wahab MA, Jellali S, Jedidi N (2010) Effect of temperature and pH on the biosorption of ammonium onto Posidonia oceanica fibers: equilibrium, and kinetic modeling studies. Bioresour Technol 101(22):8606–8615Aguir C, Mhenni MF (2006) Experimental study on carboxymethylation of cellulose extracted from Posidonia oceanica. J Appl Polym Sci 98:1808–1816Plis A, Lasek J, Skawińska A, Kopczyński M (2014) Thermo-chemical properties of biomass from Posidonia oceanica. Chem Pap 68(7):879–889Mitra A, Li YF, Klämpfl TG, Shimizu T, Jeon J, Morfill GE, Zimmermann JL (2014) Inactivation of surface-borne microorganisms and increased germination of seed specimen by cold atmospheric plasma. Food Bioprocess Technol 7(3):645–653International Seed Testing Association (1985) International rules for seed testing 1985. Seed Sci Technol 13(2):299–513Taylor AG, Harman GE (1990) Concepts and technologies of selected seed treatments. Annu Rev Phytopathol 28(1):321–339Goertz SH, ve Coons JM (1989) Germination response of tepary and navy beans to sodium chloride and temperature. HortScience 24(6):923–925Kaya MD, Kaya G, Kolsarıcı Ö (2005) The effects of NaCl concentrations on germination and excretion of some Brassica species. J Agric Sci 11(4):448–45