Phylogenetic analysis of eIF4E-family members

BACKGROUND: Translation initiation in eukaryotes involves the recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome which is controlled by the translation factor eIF4E. eIF4E binds to the 5'-m(7)Gppp cap-structure of mRNA. Three dimensional structures of eIF4Es bound to cap-analogues resemble 'cupped-hands' in which the cap-structure is sandwiched between two conserved Trp residues (Trp-56 and Trp-102 of H. sapiens eIF4E). A third conserved Trp residue (Trp-166 of H. sapiens eIF4E) recognizes the (7)-methyl moiety of the cap-structure. Assessment of GenBank NR and dbEST databases reveals that many organisms encode a number of proteins with homology to eIF4E. Little is understood about the relationships of these structurally related proteins to each other. RESULTS: By combining sequence data deposited in the Genbank databases, we have identified sequences encoding 411 eIF4E-family members from 230 species. These sequences have been deposited into an internet-accessible database designed for sequence comparisons of eIF4E-family members. Most members can be grouped into one of three classes. Class I members carry Trp residues equivalent to Trp-43 and Trp-56 of H. sapiens eIF4E and appear to be present in all eukaryotes. Class II members, possess Trp→Tyr/Phe/Leu and Trp→Tyr/Phe substitutions relative to Trp-43 and Trp-56 of H. sapiens eIF4E, and can be identified in Metazoa, Viridiplantae, and Fungi. Class III members possess a Trp residue equivalent to Trp-43 of H. sapiens eIF4E but carry a Trp→Cys/Tyr substitution relative to Trp-56 of H. sapiens eIF4E, and can be identified in Coelomata and Cnidaria. Some eIF4E-family members from Protista show extension or compaction relative to prototypical eIF4E-family members. CONCLUSION: The expansion of sequenced cDNAs and genomic DNAs from all eukaryotic kingdoms has revealed a variety of proteins related in structure to eIF4E. Evolutionarily it seems that a single early eIF4E gene has undergone multiple gene duplications generating multiple structural classes, such that it is no longer possible to predict function from the primary amino acid sequence of an eIF4E-family member. The variety of eIF4E-family members provides a source of alternatives on the eIF4E structural theme that will benefit structure/function analyses and therapeutic drug design

Spontaneous Fluorosis in Indian Buffaloes

The present study envisaged the appraisal of occurrence of spontaneous fluorosis in buffaloes in 15 villages of Kunkavav, Lathi and Liliya talukas of Amreli district of Gujarat, India. A total of 731 buffaloes were examined in three talukas of Amreli districts. A total of 45 fodder samples, three from each selected villages were collected. Fluoride content of fodder in Kunkavav, Lathi and Liliya taluka was 6.10, 19.28 and 19.74 ppm, respectively. These values were significantly (P<0.05) higher as compared to control (2.32 ppm). The overall prevalence of dental lesions in buffaloes was 31.4, 48.6 and 55.4 percent in Kunkavav, Lathi and Liliya taluka, respectively. A direct correlation between prevalence of dental lesions and fluoride content in fodder was noted. Sex-wise analyses revealed that 33.3% males and 46.6% females had dental lesions. Animals above three years of age were comparatively more susceptible. It might be concluded that fluoride level of 4.76 ppm in fodder samples could produce characteristic dental lesions in animals

ANTIAGING COSMETICS

Antiaging is emerging class of cosmetics which combine the benefit of anti aging ingredients with the elegance skin feel and delivery system of cosmetics antioxidants, anti cellulites and anti microbial have been use in maintaining and enhancing human beauty. Anti aging ingredients also help to reduce the fine lines, increasing the moisture level and reduces wrinkles and puffness to keep the skin in good condition. New delivery system is a more effective solution for the skin aging resulting from photoaging. New vehicle like liposome and nanoparticles is a new generation for antioxidants with enhanced bioavailability and very stable activity. Our objective is to review present state of the art knowledge pertaining to mechanisms involved in skin aging, factor responsible for aging and various new ingredients use to treat aging defect

TECHNIQUES USED FOR BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION IN RELATION TO FORENSIC ANALYSIS

The aim of this review was to apply the knowledge & technology of science for the definition & enforcement of such laws. The forensic analysis is investigation the crime and examines material evidence. In forensic analysis various biochemical investigation techniques are used to examine the crimes like Hair analysis, Polygraphic test, serology test and finger print analysis. Several instruments are used in forensic analysis like IR, Chromatography, UV and Mass spectrophotometer. The characterization results showed that Forensic pharmacists engage in work relating to litigation, the regulatory process, or the criminal justice system

Molecular Docking, Synthesis, Structure Illucidation, Admet Analysis and Biological Activity Evaluation of Some Fluorinated Chromene Derivatives

The paper constitutes the exploration performed to developed new fluorinated chromene derivations by coupling response of separate fluorinated amino composites using suitable coupling reagents. The response is clean which enable too easy workup and good yield. Chromene derivations (3a- h) are synthesized by coupling response between different fluoro aniline derivations and 6-( trifluoromethyl) -3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-2-carboxylic acid, N, N ’- Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide( DCC) and( 2-( 1H- benzotriazol-1-yl) hexafluorophosphate( HBTU) are used as a coupling reagent. N, N ’- Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide urea is formed as a side product during response which can remove by filtration. The response was rapid-fire and was conducted at room temperature with high- to- excellentyields, chromene derivations were assessed for tyrosinase and α- glucosidase inhibitory conditioning. Depended on IC50 values. All novel chromenes displayed significant α- glucosidase inhibition compared with reference (IC50 = 7.80 mM). Likewise, the capability of the studied composites to inhibit tyrosinase was estimated and set up to be moderate ‘In silico studies were performed to explore the list modes of the chromenes at the list point of α- glucosidase and tyrosinase. Molecular docking results revealed the significance of hydrogen cling, hydrophobic, π- π mounding, πcation, and essence relations between the target enzymes and the synthesized composites. Inclusively, the results attained in the current work indicated that the studied chromenes may be regarded as supereminent composites for designing new chemicals potentially effective in conditions similar as skin diseases and diabetes mellitus

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ORAL FLOATABLE IN-SITU GEL OF RANITEDINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Objective: The present investigation deals with the formulation, optimization and evaluation of sodium alginate based floating oral In situ gel of Ranitedine HCl. Sodium alginate used as a polymer and CaCO3 was used as a cross-linking agent. In-situ forming polymeric formulation drug delivery systems is in sol form before administration in the body, but once administered, undergoes gelation in-situ to form a gel. The formulation of gel depends upon factors like temperature modulation, pH changes, presence of ions and ultraviolet irradiation from which drug gets released in sustained and controlled manner. Methods: The objective of this study was to develop a novel in- situ gel system for sustained drug delivery using natural biodegradable polymers. The system utilizes polymers that exhibit sol-to-gel phase transition due to change in specific physicochemical parameters. Results: In-situ gel was formed at a gastric pH from designed set of experiments, it was evident that formulation containing 2 % of sodium alginate control the release of drug for longer duration. The in-situ gel exhibited the expected, viscosity, drug content, pH, in vitro gelling capacity, in vitro floating ability and sustained drug release. Conclusion: The formulated in situ gel for Ranitedine Hydrochloride was found to be stable in situ gel. It was found to have better floating efficacy and in vitro release profile characteristics. Better efficiency and results of batch F-6 gives newer alternative use of natural biodegradable polymers in situ gel formulation. Key Words: Oral In-situ gel, Sustained Release. Sodium alginate, Calcium Carbonate, Ranitedine HCl

A study on prevalence of chewing form of tobacco and existing quitting patterns in urban population of Jamnagar, Gujarat

Background: Awareness towards tobacco hazards has increased with time but its role alone towards cessation is questionable. With widespread menace of tobacco in developing countries like India, not much tobacco chewing prevalence and their quitting patterns data are available in urban Saurashtra region. Objectives: 1. To find out prevalence of various forms of chewing tobacco and quitting attitudes in urban Jamnagar. 2. To study quitting patterns in relation with age of habit initiation, family background and habit duration. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study involving 2513 individuals as study population by 30-cluster sampling method. The study was carried out between June 2007 and March 2008. Pre-set, pre-tested questionnaire was used for interview purpose and the statistical analysis was done on proportion basis. Results: About 37.2% of study population was ever-tobacco-chewers; 32.9% of them were current-chewers and 4.3% were quitters. Approximately 28.4% of current-consumers were willing to quit. Mawa-masala (63.7%) and Gutka (57.6%) were preferred forms of chewing tobacco and 57.5% of the current-chewers chewed tobacco six to eight times a day. Tobacco initiation age between 20 and 30 years was commoner among quitters (84.2%), while a little younger in current-consumers (76.5%). About 58.3% quitters and 74.0% chewers showing willingness to quit had not consumed tobacco for more than five years, 63.8% of current-chewers had a family member consuming tobacco. With initiation of health problems, 72.2% subjects quit and 55.5% of them already knew about health hazards. Conclusions: Every 4 out of 10 residents was found to be exposed to chewing tobacco. With Mawa-masala and Gutka being the predominant forms, habit onset in late adolescence, years of consumption and family exposure seem to be hampering quitting. Awareness about tobacco hazards alone does not appear to be resulting in successful quitting

PKR, apoptosis and cancer

The double-stranded (ds) RNA-regulated serine/threonine protein kinase, PKR, is an interferon-inducible enzyme of widespread occurrence in mammalian cells. PKR is activated by dsRNA via a mechanism involving autophosphorylation. Once activated, the enzyme phosphorylates the α-subunit of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF2, thereby inhibiting translation. Accumulating data suggest that PKR has additional substrates, and that the kinase may also regulate gene transcription and signal transduction pathways. Although PKR plays an important role in mediating the antiviral effects of interferons, PKR is also implicated in regulating cell proliferation in uninfected cells and may have a tumor suppressor function under normal conditions. Studies of human malignancies and tumor cell lines suggest that, in general, patients bearing tumors with a higher PKR content have a more favorable prognosis. However, in human breast carcinoma cells, dysregulation of PKR may be associated with the establishment or maintenance of the transformed state

Study of Ponticulus Posticus in Dry Atlas Vertebrae in Central Gujarat Region and its Clinical Significance

Introduction: Atlas is the first cervical vertebra which supports skull through atlanto-occipital joint. It has an anterior and a posterior arch with a groove on superior surface for the third part of the vertebral artery. The groove has anterior and posterior margin onto which lateral margin of atlanto-occipital membrane is attached. From these anterior and posterior margins of groove sometimes bony projections occurs and converts groove into a foramen which may be incomplete or complete and known as ponticulus posticus. This may compress the vertebral artery passes through it and may cause vertebrobasilar insufficiency and produce symptoms like vertigo, dizziness, nausea, headache etc. Aim: To find out occurrence rate of ponticulus posticus in atlas vertebrae with their measurements and its clinical significance. Materials and Methods: Total 100 atlas vertebrae were examined for incomplete and complete ponticulus posticus. Their anteroposterior length and vertical height were also measured with the help of vernier caliper. Result: Incomplete ponticulus posticus were found in total 33 (33%) of vertebrae and complete ponticulus posticus were found in 4 (4%) vertebrae. Similarly, foramen for vertebral artery on lateral side was found in only 1 (1%) vertebra on right side. Anteroposterior length of foramen was 11.5±2.5 mm on right side and 11.2±2.2 mm on left side. Vertical height of foramen was 6.3±1.2 mm on right side (statistically non-significant) and 6.3±1.1 mm on left side. Anteroposterior length and vertical height does not show any statistical significant difference on right and left side. Data entry and analysis was done by using Microsoft Excel 2016. Data was represented as mean±SD. Conclusion: Neurosurgeons, Orthopedic surgeons, Radiologists and clinicians must be aware about the presence of ponticulus posticus which may compress the third part of vertebral artery and produce neurological symptoms. Measurements of ponticulus posticus help them to understand anatomy of this region better for performing surgeries like internal fixation techniques