10,413 research outputs found
The New York Power Authority
The Power Authority gives subsidies in the forms of discounted power to municipalities, industrial customers, and through various means to residential customers. Until recently, power leftover after sales to industrial customers went to National Grid, a private entity, which then passed on some of the savings to residential customers. Now the Power Authority keeps that leftover power that they can sell at normal rates elsewhere
Informal Economies
The informal economy comprises the parts of the economy that are not regulated. These parts include illicit activity like the sale of drugs, architects doing work under the table, hairdressers who operate in cash and don’t report their income, businesses employing illegal workers, and businesses operating without government required licenses. Informal economic actors are often self-employed, or are employed elsewhere and operating an informal business on the side as a means for supplemental income. Often, informal economic actors are undocumented immigrants who risk being discovered if documentation is heavy. Acting informally allows income to be generated without documentation
Mahler, Margaret
Born into a Jewish family in Sopron, Hungary, Margaret Mahler (1897–1985) is one of the founding pioneers in psychoanalytical theory and practice. She is most noted for her separation-individuation theory of child development, which emphasizes identity formation as occurring within the context of relationships. After immigrating to the United States in 1938, Mahler’s work as a child psychiatrist informed her theory regarding the interplay between our internal (psychological) development and our external social environment. This approach was considered scandalous within her professional community, which tended to minimize sociocultural and relational contributors to our sense of self. Her conceptual framework regarding the nature of attachment relating, specifically our need for both closeness and distance, is imbedded in many theoretical constructs regarding attachment, interpersonal relationships, family, and broader social system functioning
Should monetary policy respond to private sector expectations?
This work analyses the implications, in terms of determinacy and E-stability of equilibrium, of a policy rule that responds to private sector expectations in forward looking models. In the literature, this type of policy has been both recommended and criticized. We try to understand the reasons for such di¤erent conclusions and shed some light on the desirability of this type of policy rules.Monetary policy; expectations; learning; determinacy; E- stability.
Beyond the static money multiplier: in search of a dynamic theory of money
In this paper, we analyze the process of money creation in a credit economy. We start from the consideration that the traditional money multiplier is a poor description of this process and present an alternative and dynamic approach that takes into account the heterogeneity of agents in the economy and their interactions. We show that this heterogeneity can account for the instability of the multiplier and that it can make the system path-dependent. By using concepts and techniques borrowed from network theory and statistical mechanics, we then try to shed some light on the actual process by which money is endogenously created in an economy.Money; Money multiplier; Network theory; Statistical mechanics.
Ramsey's Theorem for Pairs and Colors as a Sub-Classical Principle of Arithmetic
The purpose is to study the strength of Ramsey's Theorem for pairs restricted
to recursive assignments of -many colors, with respect to Intuitionistic
Heyting Arithmetic. We prove that for every natural number , Ramsey's
Theorem for pairs and recursive assignments of colors is equivalent to the
Limited Lesser Principle of Omniscience for formulas over Heyting
Arithmetic. Alternatively, the same theorem over intuitionistic arithmetic is
equivalent to: for every recursively enumerable infinite -ary tree there is
some and some branch with infinitely many children of index .Comment: 17 page
Classical System of Martin-Lof's Inductive Definitions is not Equivalent to Cyclic Proofs
A cyclic proof system, called CLKID-omega, gives us another way of
representing inductive definitions and efficient proof search. The 2005 paper
by Brotherston showed that the provability of CLKID-omega includes the
provability of LKID, first order classical logic with inductive definitions in
Martin-L\"of's style, and conjectured the equivalence. The equivalence has been
left an open question since 2011. This paper shows that CLKID-omega and LKID
are indeed not equivalent. This paper considers a statement called 2-Hydra in
these two systems with the first-order language formed by 0, the successor, the
natural number predicate, and a binary predicate symbol used to express
2-Hydra. This paper shows that the 2-Hydra statement is provable in
CLKID-omega, but the statement is not provable in LKID, by constructing some
Henkin model where the statement is false
Knowledge Spaces and the Completeness of Learning Strategies
We propose a theory of learning aimed to formalize some ideas underlying
Coquand's game semantics and Krivine's realizability of classical logic. We
introduce a notion of knowledge state together with a new topology, capturing
finite positive and negative information that guides a learning strategy. We
use a leading example to illustrate how non-constructive proofs lead to
continuous and effective learning strategies over knowledge spaces, and prove
that our learning semantics is sound and complete w.r.t. classical truth, as it
is the case for Coquand's and Krivine's approaches
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