Velocity field near the jet orifice of a round jet in a crossflow

Experimentally determined velocities at selected locations near the jet orifice are presented and analyzed for a round jet in crossflow. Jet-to-crossflow velocity ratios of four and eight were studied experimentally for a round subsonic jet of air exhausting perpendicularly through a flat plate into a subsonic crosswind of the same temperature. Velocity measurements were made in cross sections to the jet plume located from one to four jet diameters from the orifice. Jet centerline and vortex properties are presented and utilized to extend the results of a previous study into the region close to the jet orifice

The evolution of large-bodied theropod dinosaurs during the Mesozoic in Asia

The fossil record of large-bodied, apex carnivorous theropod dinosaurs in Eastern Asia is now among the best understood in the world, thanks to new discoveries and reinterpretations of long-neglected fossils. Asia boasts the most complete record of Middle Jurassic theropods globally, as well as one of the best-studied Late Cretaceous theropod faunas, and new research is helping to fill what was previously a 60-million-year gap in the Early-mid Cretaceous fossil record of large Asian predators. In general, the bio-geographic affinities of large-bodied Asian theropods over time were intimately related to physical geography, and progressively more derived theropod clades evolved large body size and occupied the apex predator niche throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous. During the Middle Jurassic, largely endemic clades of basal tetanurans were prevalent in Asia, whereas during the Late Jurassic mid Cretaceous more derived “intermediate” tetanuran theropods with cosmopolitan affinities occupied the large predator role, including sinraptorids, spinosauris, and carcharodontosaurians. Finalli, during the final 20 million years of the Cretaceous, more derived, bird-like coelurosaurs attained large body size. Foremost among these were the tyrannosaurids, a radiation of northern (Asian and North American) megapredators whose ascent into the apex predator niche was a delayed event restricted to the Campanian-Masastrichian. As Asia is the focus of intense ongoing dinosaur fieldwork, our undestarnding of large-bodied theropod evolution will continue to be refined with future discoveries.El registro fósil de los dinosaurios carnívoros terópodos de gran talla en el este de Asia es uno de los mejor conocidos del mundo, gracias a nuevos descubrimientos y reinterpretaciones de fósiles que han permanecido pobremente estudiados durante mucho tiempo. Globalmente, Asia comprende el registro fósil mas completo de terópodos del Jurasico Medio, así como una de las faunas finicretácicas mejor estudiadas. Asimismo, las nuevas investigaciones están contribuyendo a completar un hiato de 60 millones de años en el registro fósil de grandes depredadores asiáticos correspondientes al Cretácico inferior-medio. En general las afinidades biogeográficas de los grandes terópodos asiáticos a través del tiempo se hallan íntimamente ligadas a la geografía física. Progresivamente, varios clados derivados de terópodos evolucionaron grandes tallas corporales, ocupando la cima del nicho de depredador durante todo el Jurasico y el Cretácico. Durante el Jurasico Medio prevalecieron clados de tetanuros basales mayormente endémicos, mientras que durante el Jurásico Superior-Cretácico Medio clados más derivados de terópodos tetanuros “intermedios” de afinidades cosmopolitas ocuparon el papel de gran depredador, incluyendo sinraptoridos, espinosauridos y carcharodontosauridos. Finalmente, durante los ultimos 20 millones de anos del Cretacico, coelurosaurios mas derivados con aspecto reminiscente a las aves alcanzaron grandes tallas corporales. Pirmordialmente entre estas formas se hallaban los tiranosauridos, una radiación septentrional (asiáticos y norteamericanos) de megadepredadores cuyo ascenso a la cumbre del nicho de gran depredador se retraso hasta el Campaniense y Maastrichtiense. Mientras Asia continua constituyendo el foco de una intensa actividad paleontológica, nuestros conocientos sobre la evolución de los grandes terópodos continuará refinándose con el estudio de futuros hallazgos

Comparison of 3-D viscous flow computations of Mach 5 inlet with experimental data

A time marching 3-D full Navier-Stokes code, called PARC3D, is validated for an experimental Mach 5 inlet configuration using the data obtained in the 10 x 10 ft supersonic wind tunnel at the NASA Lewis Research Center. For the first time, a solution is obtained for this configuration with the actual geometry, the tunnel conditions, and all the bleed zones modeled in the computation. Pitot pressure profiles and static pressures at various locations in the inlet are compared with the corresponding experimental data. The effect of bleed zones, located in different places on the inlet walls, in eliminating the low energy vortical flow generated from the 3-D shock-boundary layer interaction is simulated very well even though some approximations are used in applying the bleed boundary conditions and in the turbulence model. A further detailed study of the effect of individual bleed ports is needed to understand fully the actual mechanism of efficiently eliminating the vortical flow from the inlet. A better turbulence model would help to improve the accuracy even further in predicting the corner flow boundary layer profiles

Observations of cosmic ray induced phosphenes

Phosphene observations by astronauts on flights near and far from earth atmosphere are discussed. It was concluded that phosphenes could be observed by the naked eye. Further investigation is proposed to determine realistic human tolerance levels for extended missions and to evaluate the need to provide special spacecraft shielding

Kilohertz QPOs in Neutron Star Binaries modeled as Keplerian Oscillations in a Rotating Frame of Reference

Since the discovery of kHz quasi-periodic oscillations (QPO) in neutron star binaries, the difference between peak frequencies of two modes in the upper part of the spectrum, i.e. Delta (omega)=omega_h-omega_K has been studied extensively. The idea that the difference Delta(omega) is constant and (as a beat frequency) is related to the rotational frequency of the neutron star has been tested previously. The observed decrease of Delta(omega) when omega_h and omega_k increase has weakened the beat frequency interpretation. We put forward a different paradigm: a Keplerian oscillator under the influence of the Coriolis force. For such an oscillator, omega_h and the assumed Keplerian frequency omega_k hold an upper hybrid frequency relation: omega^2_h-omega^2_K=4*Omega^2, where Omega is the rotational frequency of the star's magnetosphere near the equatorial plane. For three sources (Sco X-1, 4U 1608-52 and 4U 1702-429), we demonstrate that the solid body rotation Omega=Omega_0=const. is a good first order approximation. Within the second order approximation, the slow variation of Omega as a function of omega_K reveals the structure of the magnetospheric differential rotation. For Sco X-1, the QPO have frequencies approximately 45 and 90 Hz which we interpret as the 1st and 2nd harmonics of the lower branch of the Keplerian oscillations for the rotator with vector Omega not aligned with the normal of the disk: omega_L/2 pi=(Omega/pi)(omega_K/omega_h)sin(delta) where delta is the angle between vector Omega and the vector normal to the disk.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publications in ApJ Letter

PREDICTIVE TIME MODEL OF AN ANGLIA AUTOFLOW MECHANICAL CHICKEN CATCHING SYSTEM

In this project, a predictive time model was developed for an Anglia Autoflow mechanical chicken catching system. At the completion of poultry growout, hand labor is currently used to collect the birds from the house, although some integrators are beginning to incorporate mechanical catching equipment. Several regression models were investigated with the objective of predicting the time taken to catch the chicken. A regression model relating distance to total time (sum of packing time, catching time, movement to catching and movement to packing) provided the best performance. The model was based on data collected from poultry farms on the Delmarva Peninsula during a six-month period. Statistical Analysis System (SAS) and NeuroShell Easy Predictor were used to build the regression and neural network models respectively. Model adequacy was established by both visual inspection and statistical techniques. The models were validated with experimental results not incorporated into the initial model.Livestock Production/Industries,

Application of remote sensing to selected problems within the state of California

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

Application of remote sensing to selected problems within the state of California

There are no author-identified signficant results in this report

Pacifism and Emotional Arousal

Excerpt: At the age of eighteen, American youths must make an ideological decision about war. Although most probably perceive selective service registration as little more than a rite of passage, others struggle with the ethics of military service and options of conscientious objection. What can be said of youths who decide, for moral and religious reasons, that they will not be involved in warfare? To date, no descriptive studies have been reported that address this question. Previous studies on pacifism focus on the likelihood of pacifism in eliciting cooperation (Gruder & Duslak, 1973; Marwell & Schmitt, 1973) or aggression (Borden, 1975; Borden & Taylor, 1976; Fitz, Kimble, & Heidenfelder, 1979; Fitz, Marwit, & Gerstenzang, 1983; Kimble, Fitz, Onorad, 1977; Mander & Gaebelein, 1977). Moreover, these studies have typically recruited participants who were assigned pacifistic strategies rather than recruiting those with pre-existing pacifistic inclinations

The Conformal Anomaly in General Rank 1 Symmetric Spaces and Associated Operator Product

We compute the one-loop effective action and the conformal anomaly associated with the product $\bigotimes_p{\cal L}_p$ of the Laplace type operators ${\cal L}_p, p=1,2$, acting in irreducible rank 1 symmetric spaces of non-compact type. The explicit form of the zeta functions and the conformal anomaly of the stress-energy momentum tensor is derived.Comment: 10 pages, LaTe