Effect of harvest time on essential oil composition of Chromolaena odorota (L.) leaves from Nigeria .

Essential oils were obtained from fresh leaves of Chromolaena odorota (L.) harvested at different times of the day (morning and afternoon) by hydro distillation using the Clevenger apparatus.  The oils were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).  Caryophyllene (6.40%) and aromadendrene (5.56%) were the major sesquiterpenoids in the morning sample while ?- pinene (9.09%) and ?- pinene (5.10%)  were the main monoterpenoids detected. The principal sesquiterpenoids in the leaf oil of the afternoon sample are Germacrene D (4.70%), aromadendrene , ?-amorphene  and ?-muuolene  which were detected in the same amount of 4.12% while the main monoterpenoids detected are ?-pinene  (5.63%) and ?-pinene (4.83%). Key words: Chromolaena odorata, GC-MS, aromadendrene, terpenes, asteracea

Effect Of Position of Substituents on the Exhaustion and Thermodynamic Parameters of 6 Monoazo Acid and Disperse Dyes on Nylon 6

Six monoazo acid and disperse dyes were synthesized using compounds of aromatic amine by diazotizing sulphanilic acid, 4-nitroaniline, sulphanilic acid, and 3-aminophenol. The coupling components used were 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol. The different properties of the dyes such as molecular structure, molar extinction coefficient, and percentage exhaustion were determined. The thermodynamic parameters of the four dyes on nylon fabrics were also determined. The results showed that the dyes have very good extinction coefficient, thus can be of commercial significance. The standard affinities of the dyes on nylon varied between 8.59 kJmol-1to 25.51 kJmol-1implying very high equilibrium % exhaustion. The implication of the standard affinities is that dye with -Dm0 25.51kJmol-1 has the highest % exhaustion, which means that there are correlation between standard affinity of a dye on fabric and the equilibrium exhaustion.   Keywords: Monoazo acid, disperse dye, Diazotization, Exhaustion, Extinction coefficient, Thermodynamic parameters, Standard affinitie

Titrimetric Determination of Calcium Content of Some Staple Foodstuffs in North-Central Nigeria

This work  investigates the calcium content of one hundred and sixty-two samples of locally produced and commonly consumed food items collected from six towns in North-Central Nigeria. The samples were analysed in triplicates using the method of EDTA titration. The highest mean level of calcium was obtained in melon (220 mg/100g) followed by water leaf (173 mg/100g), then white beans (152 mg/100g), okro(118 mg/100g), gari (106 mg/100g), maize (49 mg/100g), yam (42 mg/100g), rice (35 mg/100g) and (25 mg/100g). These results were compared with values reported in the literature. Keywords: calcium, staple foods, EDTA titration, gari, water leaf, North-central Nigeri

Correlation between Thermodynamic Parameters and % Exhaustions of Some Carboxylated Reactive Dyes on Silk

Nine dyes having various functional groups were synthesized and applied on silk fabric. The equilibrium exhaustions %E of the dyes on silk were determined. From this the thermodynamic parameters such as partition coefficient K, and standard affinity, ??? which is a driving force behind the dyeing process are determined. There is a strong correlation between the %E and the thermodynamic parameters values on one hand and effect of aftertreatment on the thermodynamic parameters on the other hand. Keywords : exhaustion, aftertreatment, partition coefficient, standard affinities, thermodymanic parameters

Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Post-partum haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. Early administration of tranexamic acid reduces deaths due to bleeding in trauma patients. We aimed to assess the effects of early administration of tranexamic acid on death, hysterectomy, and other relevant outcomes in women with post-partum haemorrhage. Methods In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we recruited women aged 16 years and older with a clinical diagnosis of post-partum haemorrhage after a vaginal birth or caesarean section from 193 hospitals in 21 countries. We randomly assigned women to receive either 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid or matching placebo in addition to usual care. If bleeding continued after 30 min, or stopped and restarted within 24 h of the first dose, a second dose of 1 g of tranexamic acid or placebo could be given. Patients were assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight numbered packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Participants, care givers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. We originally planned to enrol 15 000 women with a composite primary endpoint of death from all-causes or hysterectomy within 42 days of giving birth. However, during the trial it became apparent that the decision to conduct a hysterectomy was often made at the same time as randomisation. Although tranexamic acid could influence the risk of death in these cases, it could not affect the risk of hysterectomy. We therefore increased the sample size from 15 000 to 20 000 women in order to estimate the effect of tranexamic acid on the risk of death from post-partum haemorrhage. All analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ISRCTN76912190 (Dec 8, 2008); ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00872469; and PACTR201007000192283. Findings Between March, 2010, and April, 2016, 20 060 women were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (n=10 051) or placebo (n=10 009), of whom 10 036 and 9985, respectively, were included in the analysis. Death due to bleeding was significantly reduced in women given tranexamic acid (155 [1·5%] of 10 036 patients vs 191 [1·9%] of 9985 in the placebo group, risk ratio [RR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·65–1·00; p=0·045), especially in women given treatment within 3 h of giving birth (89 [1·2%] in the tranexamic acid group vs 127 [1·7%] in the placebo group, RR 0·69, 95% CI 0·52–0·91; p=0·008). All other causes of death did not differ significantly by group. Hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (358 [3·6%] patients in the tranexamic acid group vs 351 [3·5%] in the placebo group, RR 1·02, 95% CI 0·88–1·07; p=0·84). The composite primary endpoint of death from all causes or hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (534 [5·3%] deaths or hysterectomies in the tranexamic acid group vs 546 [5·5%] in the placebo group, RR 0·97, 95% CI 0·87-1·09; p=0·65). Adverse events (including thromboembolic events) did not differ significantly in the tranexamic acid versus placebo group. Interpretation Tranexamic acid reduces death due to bleeding in women with post-partum haemorrhage with no adverse effects. When used as a treatment for postpartum haemorrhage, tranexamic acid should be given as soon as possible after bleeding onset. Funding London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Pfizer, UK Department of Health, Wellcome Trust, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation