Israel\u27s Transboundary Water Disputes

As water is necessary to the function of life, it is imperative to understand the role of water in the politically turbulent Middle East. This paper will focus on Israel’s water disputes with her neighbors and how such disputes have either led to military confrontation, have been partially resolved, and otherwise continue to exist. As populations in the region are expected to increase, the need for water, already in short supply, will be magnified. Thus negotiations to settle water disputes and provide for equitable distribution of the water resources will become more contentious. This legal analysis of Israel’s water disputes will hopefully provide some guidance to the settlement of such issues in Israel’s future peace negotiations with the Syrians and Palestinians

Intensity limits of the PSI Injector II cyclotron

We investigate limits on the current of the PSI Injector II high intensity separate-sector isochronous cyclotron, in its present configuration and after a proposed upgrade. Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactors, neutron and neutrino experiments, and medical isotope production all benefit from increases in current, even at the ~ 10% level: the PSI cyclotrons provide relevant experience. As space charge dominates at low beam energy, the injector is critical. Understanding space charge effects and halo formation through detailed numerical modelling gives clues on how to maximise the extracted current. Simulation of a space-charge dominated low energy high intensity (9.5 mA DC) machine, with a complex collimator set up in the central region shaping the bunch, is not trivial. We use the OPAL code, a tool for charged-particle optics calculations in large accelerator structures and beam lines, including 3D space charge. We have a precise model of the present production) Injector II, operating at 2.2 mA current. A simple model of the proposed future (upgraded) configuration of the cyclotron is also investigated. We estimate intensity limits based on the developed models, supported by fitted scaling laws and measurements. We have been able to perform more detailed analysis of the bunch parameters and halo development than any previous study. Optimisation techniques enable better matching of the simulation set-up with Injector II parameters and measurements. We show that in the production configuration the beam current scales to the power of three with the beam size. However, at higher intensities, 4th power scaling is a better fit, setting the limit of approximately 3 mA. Currents of over 5 mA, higher than have been achieved to date, can be produced if the collimation scheme is adjusted

One Too Many Sticks for the Trademark Bundle? The Unintended Consequences of Luxury Brands’ Push for a Post-First Sale Authentication Right

The unprecedented and exponential growth of resale is both a rose and a thorn to the luxury market. Some fashion brands construe resale as an opportunity to diversify and expand their client base; while others, who firmly subscribe to a luxury philosophy grounded in exclusivity, believe resale threatens everything from their brand allure to their very existence. Indeed, when Chanel declared that “[o]nly Chanel itself can know what is genuine Chanel,” it opened Pandora’s box by providing far more than a peek into its litigation strategy. Chanel’s declaration all but declared war on the secondary resale market in not only undermining the authenticity of authentic products in the resale stream of commerce, but in claiming the sole right to preserve, protect and police its marks throughout its branded products’ life, well after the first sale.Because counterfeiting’s proliferation and resale’s global expansion, luxury brands’ desire to police their trademarks has effectively expanded the scope of trademark enforcement rights beyond what the Lanham Act confers. Largely as a result of the law’s inability to keep pace and afford mark holders expanded enforcement rights to target counterfeiters at their source, luxury brands have resorted to policing their marks through instituting litigation against resellers, “partnering” with resellers to serve as authentication gatekeepers to the resale stream of commerce; or in expanding their own businesses by bringing resale in-house. Irrespective of whichever poison they pick, luxury brands are effectively seeking to expand their trademark rights beyond the first sale—which the Lanham Act’s legislative history specifically proscribed against—in effectively adding a stick to the trademark bundle of rights to claim a post-first sale trademark enforcement and authentication right. In so doing, luxury brands are pushing the bounds of trademark law into the very territory the Lanham Act drafters feared mark holders world: antitrust territory.This Note examines how luxury brands’ recent entree and involvement in resale raises antitrust concerns and how both luxury brands and resellers can more effectively address their concerns within the bounds of trademark law through alternative respective resale engagement strategies; revised strategies to solidify their respective legal and market positioning; and partnership opportunities between resellers and luxury brands to collaborate in fighting their common enemy in counterfeiting

Evolution of a beam dynamics model for the transport lines in a proton therapy facility

Despite the fact that the first-order beam dynamics models allow an approximated evaluation of the beam properties, their contribution is essential during the conceptual design of an accelerator or beamline. However, during the commissioning some of their limitations appear in the comparison against measurements. The extension of the linear model to higher order effects is, therefore, demanded. In this paper, the effects of particle-matter interaction have been included in the model of the transport lines in the proton therapy facility at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) in Switzerland. To improve the performance of the facility, a more precise model was required and has been developed with the multi-particle open source beam dynamics code called OPAL (Object oriented Particle Accelerator Library). In OPAL, the Monte Carlo simulations of Coulomb scattering and energy loss are performed seamless with the particle tracking. Beside the linear optics, the influence of the passive elements (e.g. degrader, collimators, scattering foils and air gaps) on the beam emittance and energy spread can be analysed in the new model. This allows for a significantly improved precision in the prediction of beam transmission and beam properties. The accuracy of the OPAL model has been confirmed by numerous measurements.Comment: 17 pages, 19 figure

When Deviant Behavior In The Workplace Gets Technical

Workplace deviant behavior typologies typically include absenteeism, theft, incivility and violence. Three recent case studies are reviewed that indicate computer sabotage should be added to these classifications

Polar middle atmosphere temperature climatology from Rayleigh lidar measurements at ALOMAR (69° N)

Rayleigh lidar temperature profiles have been derived in the polar middle atmosphere from 834 measurements with the ALOMAR Rayleigh/Mie/Raman lidar (69.3° N, 16.0° E) in the years 1997–2005. Since our instrument is able to operate under full daylight conditions, the unique data set presented here extends over the entire year and covers the altitude region 30 km–85 km in winter and 30 km–65 km in summer. Comparisons of our lidar data set to reference atmospheres and ECMWF analyses show agreement within a few Kelvin in summer but in winter higher temperatures below 55 km and lower temperatures above by as much as 25 K, due likely to superior resolution of stratospheric warming and associated mesospheric cooling events. We also present a temperature climatology for the entire lower and middle atmosphere at 69° N obtained from a combination of lidar measurements, falling sphere measurements and ECMWF analyses. Day to day temperature variability in the lidar data is found to be largest in winter and smallest in summer

Simultaneous lidar observations of temperatures and waves in the polar middle atmosphere on the east and west side of the Scandinavian mountains: a case study on 19/20 January 2003

Atmospheric gravity waves have been the subject of intense research for several decades because of their extensive effects on the atmospheric circulation and the temperature structure. The U.&nbsp;Bonn&nbsp;lidar at the Esrange and the ALOMAR RMR lidar at the And&#248;ya Rocket Range are located in northern Scandinavia 250 km apart on the east and west side of the Scandinavian mountain ridge. During January and February&nbsp;2003 both lidar systems conducted measurements and retrieved atmospheric temperatures. On 19/20 January&nbsp;2003 simultaneous measurements for more than 7 h were possible. Although during most of the campaign time the atmosphere was not transparent for the propagation of orographically induced gravity waves, they were nevertheless observed at both lidar stations with considerable amplitudes during these simultaneous measurements. And while the source of the observed waves cannot be determined unambiguously, the observations show many characteristics of orographically excited gravity waves. The wave patterns at ALOMAR show a random distribution with time whereas at the Esrange a persistency in the wave patterns is observable. This persistency can also be found in the distribution of the most powerful vertical wavelengths. The mode values are both at about 5 km vertical wavelength, however the distributions are quite different, narrow at the Esrange with values from &lambda;<i>_z</i>=2&ndash;6 km and broad at ALOMAR, covering &lambda;<i>_z</i>=1&ndash;12 km vertical wavelength. In particular the difference between the observations at ALOMAR and at the Esrange can be understood by different orographic conditions while the propagation conditions were quite similar. At both stations the waves deposit energy in the atmosphere with increasing altitude, which leads to a decrease of the observed gravity wave potential energy density with altitude. The meteorological situation during these measurements was different from common winter situations. The ground winds were mostly northerlies, changed in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere to westerlies and returned to northerlies in the middle stratosphere

Simultaneous lidar observations of temperatures and waves in the polar middle atmosphere on both sides of the Scandinavian mountains: a case study on 19/20 January 2003

International audienceAtmospheric gravity waves have been the subject of intense research for several decades because of their extensive effects on the atmospheric circulation and the temperature structure. The U. Bonn lidar at the Esrange and the ALOMAR RMR lidar at the Andøya Rocket Range are located in northern Scandinavia 250 km apart on either side of the Scandinavian mountain ridge. During January and February 2003 both lidar systems conducted measurements and retrieved atmospheric temperatures. On 19/20 January 2003 simultaneous measurements for more than 7 h were possible. Although during most of the campaign time the atmosphere was not transparent for the propagation of orographically induced gravity waves, they could propagate and were observed at both lidar stations during these simultaneous measurements. The wave patterns at ALOMAR show a random distribution with time whereas at the Esrange a persistency in the wave patterns is observable. This persistency can also be found in the distribution of the most powerful vertical wavelengths. The mode values are both at about 5 km vertical wavelength, however the distributions are quite different, narrow at the Esrange containing values from ?z=2?6 km and broad at ALOMAR, covering ?z=1?12 km vertical wavelength. At both stations the waves deposit energy in the atmosphere with increasing altitude, which leads to a decrease of the observed gravity wave potential energy density with altitude. These measurements show unambigiously orographically induced gravity waves on both sides of the mountains as well as a clear difference of the characteristics of these waves, which might be caused by different excitation and propagation conditions on either side of the Scandinavian mountain ridge