Para-infectious brain injury in COVID-19 persists at follow-up despite attenuated cytokine and autoantibody responses

To understand neurological complications of COVID-19 better both acutely and for recovery, we measured markers of brain injury, inflammatory mediators, and autoantibodies in 203 hospitalised participants; 111 with acute sera (1–11 days post-admission) and 92 convalescent sera (56 with COVID-19-associated neurological diagnoses). Here we show that compared to 60 uninfected controls, tTau, GFAP, NfL, and UCH-L1 are increased with COVID-19 infection at acute timepoints and NfL and GFAP are significantly higher in participants with neurological complications. Inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-12p40, HGF, M-CSF, CCL2, and IL-1RA) are associated with both altered consciousness and markers of brain injury. Autoantibodies are more common in COVID-19 than controls and some (including against MYL7, UCH-L1, and GRIN3B) are more frequent with altered consciousness. Additionally, convalescent participants with neurological complications show elevated GFAP and NfL, unrelated to attenuated systemic inflammatory mediators and to autoantibody responses. Overall, neurological complications of COVID-19 are associated with evidence of neuroglial injury in both acute and late disease and these correlate with dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses acutely

Comparação de alguns modelos matemáticos para o ajuste às curvas de lactação individuais de vacas da raça Caracu Comparison of some mathematical models for the adjustment of individual lactation curves of Caracu cows

Foram ajustadas 7239 curvas de lactação de vacas Caracu, controladas semanalmente entre os anos de 1978 a 1988, pertencentes à Fazenda Chiqueirão, Poços de Caldas, MG. As funções utilizadas foram a linear hiperbólica (FLH), a quadrática logarítmica (FQL), a gama incompleta (FGI) e a polinomial inversa (FPI). Os parâmetros foram estimados por meio de regressões não lineares, usando-se processos iterativos. A verificação da qualidade do ajuste baseou-se no coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R²A), no teste de Durbin-Watson (DW) e nas médias e desvios-padrão estimados para os parâmetros e funções dos parâmetros dos modelos. Para a curva média, os R²A foram superiores a 0,90 para todas as funções. Bons ajustes, baseados nos R²A>0,80 foram obtidos, respectivamente, por 25,2%, 39,1%, 31,1% e 28,4% das lactações ajustadas pelas funções FLH, FQL, FGI e FPI. De acordo com o teste de DW, bons ajustes foram proporcionados para 29,4% das lactações ajustadas pela FLH, 54,9% pela FQL, 34,9% pela FGI e 29,6% pela FPI. Para ambos os critérios, a FQL foi superior às demais funções, indicando grande variação nas formas das curvas de lactação geradas pelos ajustes individuais. Curvas atípicas foram estimadas pelas funções, com picos ocorrendo antes do parto e algumas vezes após o término da lactação. Todas as funções apresentaram problemas quando ajustaram dados individuais.<br>The present study was carried out to test the goodness of fit of different lactation curve functions for 7239 Caracu cows, belonging to Chiqueirão farm, Poços de Caldas - MG, weekly recorded from 1978 to 1988. The functions used to describe the lactation curves were: linear hyperbolic function (LHF); logarithmic quadratic function (LQF); incomplete gamma function (IGF) and inverse polynomial function (IPF). Parameters were estimated by iterative methods. The criteria used to compare the models were the adjusted coefficient of determination (R²A), Durbin-Watson statistic (DW) and the estimated means and standard deviations estimated for the parameters and function of parameters. All R²A were higher than 0.90 for the average curves. When fitted to individual lactation, the functions showed lack of fit. Goodness of fit, according to R²A>0.80 were observed for 25.2%; 39.1%; 31.1% and 28.4% of LHF, LQF, IGF and IPF functions, respectively. Durbin-Watson statistics estimated goodness of fit for 29.4%; 54.9%; 34.9% and 29.6% of LHF, LQF, IGF and IPF functions, respectively. All models showed high CV for the parameters and function of parameters. The results indicated a wide variation in the shape of individual lactation curves. There was a great number of atypical curves with observed peaks before calving or after the end of lactation

Genetics of growth, feed intake, and milk yield in Holstein cattle

International audienc