Visceral adipose tissue mass during the progression of cachexia.

<p>Rats were inoculated with Walker 256 tumor cells (2×10⁷ cells) or vehicle and treated daily with 5 mg of PGZ (TP5) or PBS (TC) during 14 days. (A) RPAT and (C) MEAT tissues from tumor-bearing rats were removed and weighed on day 7 and day 14. (B) Spearman correlation between relative RPAT mass on day 7 (early-stage) and tumor growth on day 14 (cachexia-stage), from TP5. (D) Real-time PCR analysis of RNA isolated from RPAT (isolated adipocytes) in the 7th on day after tumor cell inoculation. mRNA levels of target genes were normalized to 18S. Values are mean ± s.e.m. for five to seven animals per group. RPAT-retroperitoneal adipose tissue; MEAT-Mesenteric adipose tissue. ^#p<0.05 vs. TC.</p

Survival of tumor-bearing animals during PGZ treatment period.

<p>To evaluate dose-response drug effect, animals were treated with four doses of PGZ normalized by rat’s body weight, which were administered daily: 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg/day. Plots of Kaplan-Mayer product limit estimates of survival of a group of tumor-bearing animals receiving PGZ therapy during 26 days, ^# p<0.05 vs. TC.</p

2-Deoxy-D[2,6 ³H]glucose uptake assay.

<p>Rats were inoculated with Walker 256 tumor cells (2×10⁷ cells) or vehicle and treated daily with 5 mg of PGZ (TP5) or PBS (TC) during 7 days. Isolated adipocytes from RPAT tissues were stimulated with 0 (basal), 2.5 and 10 (maximal) nmol/cm² of cell surface area. RPAT-retroperitoneal adipose tissue; * p<0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc (time from day 0), ^# P<0.05 vs. TC, and ^& P<0.05 vs. Baseline Control.</p

Biochemical parameters from tumor-bearing animals during PGZ treatment.

<p>Values are mean <b>±</b>s.e.m. for five to seven animals per group.</p><p>* p<0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc (day 7 vs. 14)</p><p>^# P<0.05 vs. TC,</p><p>^& P<0.01 vs. Baseline Control.</p><p>Biochemical parameters from tumor-bearing animals during PGZ treatment.</p

Body weight and food intake for different time points along the progression of cachexia.

<p>Rats were inoculated with Walker 256 tumor cells (2×10⁷ cells) or vehicle and treated daily with 5 mg of PGZ (TP5) or PBS (TC) during 26 days. (A) Body weight was measured on days 4, 7, 14 and 26 and (B) Relative body weight loss on days 7, 14 and 26-post tumor cells injection. (C) Food intake was measured daily throughout the study and (D) Tumor mass was measured on days 7, 14 and 26-post tumor cells inoculation. * p<0.05, one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc (time from day 0), and ^# P<0.05 vs. TC.</p

Relação entre características morfológicas e produtivas de clones de palma-forrageira Relationship between morphological characteristics and productivity of cactus forage clones

Objetivou-se avaliar a relação entre as características morfológicas e produtivas de clones de palma-forrageira para identificação daqueles que contribuem diretamente na produção. Foram avaliados 50 clones de palma-forrageira estabelecidos no palmal há cinco anos e submetidos ao primeiro corte dois anos antes da avaliação. Foram avaliadas as características da planta e do cladódio, e os dados foram analisados pela estatística descritiva, correlação de Pearson e pela análise de trilha das variáveis-independentes explicativas sobre a produção de matéria seca em t/ha/2anos (variável-dependente principal). A produção variou entre clones e foi maior nos clones 8, 782 e 418, cujas produções de matéria seca de 40,8; 18,1 e 12,1 t MS/ha/2anos, respectivamente. Houve baixa correlação entre quase todas as variáveis explicativas e a produção considerada variável principal, por isso, foi necessária a associação de características. As características altura associada à largura da planta explicaram melhor o potencial de produção de matéria seca em t/ha/2anos por apresentarem alta correlação com a produção (r = 0,71) e maior efeito direto (0,69). A seleção indireta e não-destrutiva para a produção deve ser baseada em plantas com maior altura e largura.<br>This research evaluated the relationship among the morphological and productive characteristics of clones of cactus forage for identification of those that directly contribute to the production. It was evaluated 50 clones of cactus forage planted five years ago and submitted to the first cut two years before the evaluation. Characteristics of the plant and of the cladode were evaluated and data were analyzed by descriptive characteristics, Pearson correlation and by path analysis of the explanatory independent variables on the dry matter production in t/ha/2 years (main dependent variable). Production varied among clones and it was the highest in clones 8, 782 e 418 whose dry matter production was of 40.8; 18.1 and 12.1 tMS/ha/2 years, respectively. There was a low correlation among almost all the explanatory variables and the production considered main variable, so, association of characteristics was needed. Characteristic height associated with plant width explained better the potential of dry matter production in t/ha/2 years because they presented a high correlation with production (r = 0.71) and the highest direct effect (0.69). Indirect and non destructive selection for production have to be based on higher and larger plants